bump version to 14.10

chore(deps): update ubuntu:noble docker digest to c4a8d55
fix: Flush pool as late as possible during schema cache reloading (#4645 )
2026-04-16 13:54:44 -05:00 · 2026-04-16 10:44:03 +00:00 · 2026-04-16 11:55:43 +05:00 · 2026-04-16 11:18:44 +05:00 · 2026-04-15 18:05:21 +00:00 · 2026-04-15 09:30:05 +02:00
95 changed files with 2241 additions and 1025 deletions
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ runs:
        echo "artifacts=${artifacts}" >> "$GITHUB_OUTPUT"
    - name: Save artifact to GitHub Actions
      if: steps.find-task.outputs.task_found
-      uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+      uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
      with:
        name: ${{ inputs.upload }}
        path: ${{ steps.download.outputs.artifacts }}
@@ -19,14 +19,14 @@ inputs:
 runs:
  using: composite
  steps:
-    - uses: actions/cache@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+    - uses: actions/cache@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
      if: ${{ startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/') || (inputs.save-prs && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/')) }}
      with:
        path: ${{ inputs.path }}
        key: ${{ runner.os }}-${{ inputs.prefix }}-${{ inputs.suffix }}
        restore-keys: |
          ${{ runner.os }}-${{ inputs.prefix }}-
-    - uses: actions/cache/restore@0057852bfaa89a56745cba8c7296529d2fc39830 # v4.3.0
+    - uses: actions/cache/restore@27d5ce7f107fe9357f9df03efb73ab90386fccae # v5.0.5
      if: ${{ !startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/heads/') && !(inputs.save-prs && startsWith(github.ref, 'refs/pull/'))  }}
      with:
        path: ${{ inputs.path }}
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ runs:
        nix_conf: |-
          always-allow-substitutes = true
          max-jobs = auto
-    - uses: cachix/cachix-action@0fc020193b5a1fa3ac4575aa3a7d3aa6a35435ad # v16
+    - uses: cachix/cachix-action@1eb2ef646ac0255473d23a5907ad7b04ce94065c # v17
      with:
        name: postgrest
        authToken: ${{ inputs.authToken }}
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jobs:
      # This actions creates the github token using the postgrest app secrets
      - name: Create Github App Token
        id: app-token
-        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@67018539274d69449ef7c02e8e71183d1719ab42 # v2.1.4
+        uses: actions/create-github-app-token@1b10c78c7865c340bc4f6099eb2f838309f1e8c3 # v3.1.1
        with:
          app-id: ${{ vars.POSTGREST_CI_APP_ID }}
          private-key: ${{ secrets.POSTGREST_CI_PRIVATE_KEY }}
@@ -38,14 +38,14 @@ jobs:

      # This is required for backport action to cherry-pick the PR
      - name: Fetch PR ref
-        uses: actions/checkout@71cf2267d89c5cb81562390fa70a37fa40b1305e
+        uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
          token: ${{ steps.app-token.outputs.token }}

      # Backport action that creates the PR with given settings
      - name: Create backport PR
-        uses: korthout/backport-action@d07416681cab29bf2661702f925f020aaa962997 # v3.4.1
+        uses: korthout/backport-action@3c06f323a58619da1e8522229ebc8d5de2633e46 # v4.3.0
        with:
          github_token: ${{ steps.app-token.outputs.token }}
          pull_description: 'Backport for #${pull_number}.'
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Nix - Linux x86-64 static
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build static executable
        run: nix-build -A postgrestStatic -A postgrestStatic.tests
      - name: Save built executable as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: postgrest-linux-static-x86-64
          path: result/bin/postgrest
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Build Docker image
        run: nix-build -A docker.image --out-link postgrest-docker.tar.gz
      - name: Save built Docker image as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: postgrest-docker-x86-64
          path: postgrest-docker.tar.gz
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Nix - MacOS
    runs-on: macos-15
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
@@ -105,15 +105,6 @@ jobs:
            artifact: postgrest-macos-aarch64
            deps: brew link --force libpq

-          - name: MacOS x86-64
-            runs-on: macos-13
-            cache: |
-              ~/.stack/pantry
-              ~/.stack/snapshots
-              ~/.stack/stack.sqlite3
-            artifact: postgrest-macos-x86-64
-            deps: brew link --force libpq
-
          - name: Windows
            runs-on: windows-2022
            cache: |
@@ -126,8 +117,8 @@ jobs:
    name: Stack - ${{ matrix.name }}
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - uses: haskell-actions/setup@82e8b5066385702e477d9dc98f287070493e8abd # v2.8.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      - uses: haskell-actions/setup@cd0d9bdd65b20557f41bea4dbe43d0b5fbbfe553 # v2.11.0
        with:
          # This must match the version in stack.yaml's resolver
          ghc-version: 9.6.7
@@ -155,7 +146,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Strip Executable
        run: strip result/postgrest*
      - name: Save built executable as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: ${{ matrix.artifact }}
          path: |
@@ -168,7 +159,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Stack - FreeBSD from CirrusCI
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - uses: ./.github/actions/artifact-from-cirrus
        with:
          token: ${{ github.token }}
@@ -185,8 +176,8 @@ jobs:
    name: Cabal - Linux x86-64 - GHC ${{ matrix.ghc }}
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
-      - uses: haskell-actions/setup@82e8b5066385702e477d9dc98f287070493e8abd # v2.8.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
+      - uses: haskell-actions/setup@cd0d9bdd65b20557f41bea4dbe43d0b5fbbfe553 # v2.11.0
        with:
          ghc-version: ${{ matrix.ghc }}
      - name: Cache .cabal
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Lint & Style
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Commit
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          fetch-depth: 100  # fetch history (last 100 commits) instead of default shallow clone history, this is deemed enough for a PR history
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
      - test
      - build
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          ssh-key: ${{ secrets.POSTGREST_SSH_KEY }}
      - name: Tag latest commit
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Build
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
    - name: Setup Nix Environment
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
      with:
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Spellcheck
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
    - name: Setup Nix Environment
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
      with:
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
  linkcheck:
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+    - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
    - name: Setup Nix Environment
      uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
      with:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ jobs:
    needs:
      - build
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Check the version to be released
        run: |
          cabal_version="$(grep -oP '^version:\s*\K.*' postgrest.cabal)"
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
          echo "Relevant extract from CHANGELOG.md:"
          cat CHANGES.md
      - name: Save CHANGES.md as artifact
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: release-changes
          path: CHANGES.md
@@ -64,9 +64,9 @@ jobs:
    needs:
      - prepare
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Download all artifacts
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          path: artifacts
      - name: Create release bundle with archives for all builds
@@ -81,9 +81,6 @@ jobs:
          tar cJvf "release-bundle/postgrest-${GITHUB_REF_NAME}-macos-aarch64.tar.xz" \
            -C artifacts/postgrest-macos-aarch64 postgrest

-          tar cJvf "release-bundle/postgrest-${GITHUB_REF_NAME}-macos-x86-64.tar.xz" \
-            -C artifacts/postgrest-macos-x86-64 postgrest
-
          tar cJvf "release-bundle/postgrest-${GITHUB_REF_NAME}-freebsd-x86-64.tar.xz" \
            -C artifacts/postgrest-freebsd-x86-64 postgrest

@@ -94,7 +91,7 @@ jobs:
            artifacts/postgrest-windows-x86-64/postgrest.exe

      - name: Save release bundle
-        uses: actions/upload-artifact@330a01c490aca151604b8cf639adc76d48f6c5d4 # v5.0.0
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@043fb46d1a93c77aae656e7c1c64a875d1fc6a0a # v7.0.1
        with:
          name: release-bundle
          path: release-bundle
@@ -138,17 +135,17 @@ jobs:
    env:
      DOCKER_REPO: ${{ vars.DOCKER_REPO }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Download x86-64 Docker image
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: postgrest-docker-x86-64
      - name: Download aarch64 binary
-        uses: actions/download-artifact@018cc2cf5baa6db3ef3c5f8a56943fffe632ef53 # v6.0.0
+        uses: actions/download-artifact@3e5f45b2cfb9172054b4087a40e8e0b5a5461e7c # v8.0.1
        with:
          name: postgrest-ubuntu-aarch64
-      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@e468171a9de216ec08956ac3ada2f0791b6bd435 # v3.11.1
-      - uses: docker/login-action@5e57cd118135c172c3672efd75eb46360885c0ef # v3.6.0
+      - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@4d04d5d9486b7bd6fa91e7baf45bbb4f8b9deedd # v4.0.0
+      - uses: docker/login-action@4907a6ddec9925e35a0a9e82d7399ccc52663121 # v4.1.0
        with:
          username: ${{ vars.DOCKER_USER }}
          password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_PASS }}
@@ -194,7 +191,7 @@ jobs:
      vars.DOCKER_REPO && vars.DOCKER_USER &&
      github.ref == 'refs/tags/devel'
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - uses: peter-evans/dockerhub-description@1b9a80c056b620d92cedb9d9b5a223409c68ddfa # v5.0.0
        with:
          username: ${{ vars.DOCKER_USER }}
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
        # https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/241#issuecomment-842566950
        shell: script -qec "bash --noprofile --norc -eo pipefail {0}"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ jobs:
      - name: Run coverage (IO tests and Spec tests against PostgreSQL 15)
        run: postgrest-coverage
      - name: Upload coverage to codecov
-        uses: codecov/codecov-action@5a1091511ad55cbe89839c7260b706298ca349f7 # v5.5.1
+        uses: codecov/codecov-action@57e3a136b779b570ffcdbf80b3bdc90e7fab3de2 # v6.0.0
        with:
          files: ./coverage/codecov.json
          token: ${{ secrets.CODECOV_TOKEN }}
@@ -78,33 +78,37 @@ jobs:
        # https://github.com/actions/runner/issues/241#issuecomment-842566950
        shell: script -qec "bash --noprofile --norc -eo pipefail {0}"
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
          authToken: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_AUTH_TOKEN }}'
-          tools: tests.testSpec.bin tests.testIO.bin tests.testBigSchema.bin withTools.postgresql-${{ matrix.pgVersion }}.bin cabalTools.update.bin
+          tools: tests.testSpec.bin tests.testObservability.bin tests.testIO.bin tests.testBigSchema.bin withTools.pg-${{ matrix.pgVersion }}.bin cabalTools.update.bin

      - run: postgrest-cabal-update

      - name: Run spec tests
        if: always()
-        run: postgrest-with-postgresql-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-spec
+        run: postgrest-with-pg-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-spec
+
+      - name: Run observability tests
+        if: always()
+        run: postgrest-with-pg-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-observability

      - name: Run IO tests
        if: always()
-        run: postgrest-with-postgresql-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-io -vv
+        run: postgrest-with-pg-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-io -vv

      - name: Run IO tests on a big schema
        if: always()
-        run: postgrest-with-postgresql-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-big-schema -vv
+        run: postgrest-with-pg-${{ matrix.pgVersion }} postgrest-test-big-schema -vv


  memory:
    name: Memory
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
        uses: ./.github/actions/setup-nix
        with:
@@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ jobs:
    name: Loadtest
    runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
@@ -152,14 +156,13 @@ jobs:
      fail-fast: false
      matrix:
        runs-on:
-          - macos-13 # x86_64-darwin
          - macos-14 # aarch64-darwin
          - ubuntu-24.04 # x86_64-linux
          - ubuntu-24.04-arm # aarch64-linux
    name: Flake Check
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.runs-on }}
    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@08c6903cd8c0fde910a37f88322edcfb5dd907a8 # v5.0.0
+      - uses: actions/checkout@de0fac2e4500dabe0009e67214ff5f5447ce83dd # v6.0.2
        with:
          fetch-depth: 0
      - name: Setup Nix Environment
@@ -13,26 +13,26 @@ PostgREST ongoing development is only possible thanks to our Sponsors and Backer
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/neon.jpg">
+        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/supabase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://tembo.io/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/tembo.png">
+        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/euronodes.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr></tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/euronodes.svg">
+        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/neon.jpg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/supabase.png">
+        <a href="https://www.bytebase.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/bytebase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
@@ -93,6 +93,11 @@ PostgREST ongoing development is only possible thanks to our Sponsors and Backer
          <img width="222px" src="static/code-build.png">
        </a>
      </td>
+      <td align="center" valign="middle">
+        <a href="https://tembo.io/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/tembo.png">
+        </a>
+      </td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
 </table>
@@ -4,6 +4,81 @@ All notable changes to this project will be documented in this file. From versio

 ## Unreleased

+## [14.10] - 2026-04-16
+
+### Added
+
+- Log when the pool is released during schema cache reload on `log-level=debug` by @mkleczek in #4668
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix unnecessary connection pool flushes during schema cache reloading by @mkleczek in #4645
+
+## [14.9] - 2026-04-10
+
+### Added
+
+- Log host, port and pg version of listener database connection by @mkleczek in #4617 #4618
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Remove red herring warp logs on default log-level, only emit them on `log-level=debug` by @steve-chavez in #4799
+
+## [14.8] - 2026-04-03
+
+### Added
+
+- Log a `HINT` when the LISTEN channel stops working due to a PostgreSQL bug by @laurenceisla in #4581
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix invalid OpenAPI 2.0 format for integer types (`smallint`, `integer`, `bigint`) by @arturbent0 in #4641
+
+## [14.7] - 2026-03-20
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix not logging SIGTERM and SIGINT by @steve-chavez in #4728
+
+## [14.6] - 2026-03-06
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix leaking table and function names when calculating error hint by @taimoorzaeem in #4675
+
+## [14.5] - 2026-02-12
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Don't hide async exceptions in logs by @stevechavez in #4646
+
+## [14.4] - 2026-01-29
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Ensure Listener connections are released by @mkleczek in #4614
+- Fix incorrectly filtering the returned representation for PATCH requests when using `or/and` filters by @laurenceisla in #3707
+- Fix listener running with exception masked after first failure by @mkleczek #4615
+
+## [14.3] - 2026-01-03
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix performance and high memory usage of relation hint calculation by @mkleczek in #4462, #4463
+
+## [14.2] - 2025-12-18
+
+### Fixed
+
+- Fix `hasSingleUnnamedParam` incorrectly matching functions with named parameters by @joelonsql in #4553
+  + Functions with a single named parameter (e.g., `foo(data json)`) no longer incorrectly match the single-param fallback, returning a clean `PGRST202` error instead of a confusing PostgreSQL `42883` error.
+- Fix misleading logs on unsupported PostgreSQL versions by @taimoorzaeem in #4519
+- Fix regression where the `PGRST103` error response was truncated by @laurenceisla in #4455
+  + Happened when an `offset` was greater than the rows requested and `Prefer: count=exact` was sent.
+- Fix not returning `Content-Length` on empty HTTP `201` responses by @laurenceisla in #4518
+- Fix inaccurate Server-Timing header durations by @steve-chavez in #4522
+- Fix inaccurate "Schema cache queried" logs by @steve-chavez in #4522
+
 ## [14.1] - 2025-11-05

 ## Fixed
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 # The x86-64 is a single-static-binary image built via Nix, see:
 # nix/tools/docker/README.md

-FROM ubuntu:noble@sha256:66460d557b25769b102175144d538d88219c077c678a49af4afca6fbfc1b5252 AS postgrest
+FROM ubuntu:noble@sha256:c4a8d5503dfb2a3eb8ab5f807da5bc69a85730fb49b5cfca2330194ebcc41c7b AS postgrest

 RUN apt-get update -y \
    && apt install -y --no-install-recommends libpq-dev zlib1g-dev jq gcc libnuma-dev \
@@ -22,26 +22,26 @@ API than you are likely to write from scratch.
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/neon.jpg">
+        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/supabase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://tembo.io/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/tembo.png">
+        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/euronodes.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr></tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/euronodes.svg">
+        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/neon.jpg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="static/supabase.png">
+        <a href="https://www.bytebase.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="static/bytebase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ let

  postgresqlVersions =
    [
-      { name = "postgresql-17"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_17.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
-      { name = "postgresql-16"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_16.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
-      { name = "postgresql-15"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_15.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
-      { name = "postgresql-14"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_14.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
-      { name = "postgresql-13"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_13.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
+      { name = "pg-17"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_17.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
+      { name = "pg-16"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_16.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
+      { name = "pg-15"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_15.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
+      { name = "pg-14"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_14.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
+      { name = "pg-13"; postgresql = pkgs.postgresql_13.withPackages (p: [ p.postgis p.pg_safeupdate ]); }
    ];

  haskellPackages = pkgs.haskell.packages."${compiler}";
@@ -19,26 +19,26 @@ write from scratch.
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/neon.jpg">
+        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/supabase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://tembo.io/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/tembo.png">
+        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/euronodes.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
    <tr></tr>
    <tr>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/euronodes.svg">
+        <a href="https://neon.tech/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/neon.jpg">
        </a>
      </td>
      <td align="center" valign="middle">
-        <a href="https://supabase.io?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage" target="_blank">
-          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/supabase.png">
+        <a href="https://www.bytebase.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest" target="_blank">
+          <img width="296px" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/PostgREST/postgrest/main/static/bytebase.svg">
        </a>
      </td>
    </tr>
@@ -302,6 +302,7 @@ linkcheck_ignore = [
    r"https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/.*",
    # Odd SSL error
    r"https://www.dripdepot.com",
+    r"https://www.euronodes.com",
    # New GitHub UI delays comment load, so anchor fails
    r"https://github.com/.*#issuecomment",
    # Random 500 Internal Server Error
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Community Tutorials
 * `Building a Contacts List with PostgREST and Vue.js <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHtsALtD5-U>`_ -
  In this video series, DigitalOcean shows how to build and deploy an Nginx + PostgREST(using a managed PostgreSQL database) + Vue.js webapp in an Ubuntu server droplet.

-* `PostgREST + Auth0: Create REST API in mintutes, and add social login using Auth0 <https://samkhawase.com/blog/postgrest/>`_ - A step-by-step tutorial to show how to dockerize and integrate Auth0 to PostgREST service.
+* `PostgREST + Auth0: Create REST API in minutes, and add social login using Auth0 <https://samkhawase.com/blog/postgrest-1-introduction/>`_ - A step-by-step tutorial to show how to dockerize and integrate Auth0 to PostgREST service.

 * `"CodeLess" backend using postgres, postgrest and oauth2 authentication with keycloak <https://www.mathieupassenaud.fr/codeless_backend/>`_ -
  A step-by-step tutorial for using PostgREST with KeyCloak(hosted on a managed service).
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Supported PostgreSQL versions
 =============================

 =============== =================================
-**Supported**   PostgreSQL >= 12
+**Supported**   PostgreSQL >= 13
 =============== =================================

 PostgREST works with all PostgreSQL versions still `officially supported <https://www.postgresql.org/support/versioning/>`_.
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ To avoid having to install the database at all, you can run both it and the serv
      ports:
        - "3000:3000"
      environment:
-        PGRST_SERVER_HOST: localhost # necessary for `postgrest --ready` flag to work
+        PGRST_SERVER_HOST: 0.0.0.0 # necessary for `postgrest --ready` flag to work
        PGRST_DB_URI: postgres://app_user:password@db:5432/app_db
        PGRST_OPENAPI_SERVER_PROXY_URI: http://127.0.0.1:3000
      depends_on:
@@ -38,6 +38,28 @@ Sponsors
    .. image:: ../static/cybertec.svg
      :target: https://www.cybertec-postgresql.com/en/?utm_source=postgrest.org&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=postgrest

+  .. container:: img-dark
+
+    .. image:: ../static/supabase-dark.svg
+      :target: https://supabase.com/?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage
+
+  .. container:: img-light
+
+    .. image:: ../static/supabase.svg
+      :target: https://supabase.com/?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage
+
+  .. container:: img-dark
+
+    .. image:: ../static/euronodes.svg
+      :target: https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest
+
+  .. container:: img-light
+
+    .. image:: ../static/euronodes.svg
+      :target: https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest
+
+  |
+
  .. container:: img-dark

    .. image:: ../static/neon-dark.jpg
@@ -48,30 +70,15 @@ Sponsors
    .. image:: ../static/neon.jpg
      :target: https://neon.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest

-  .. image:: ../static/tembo.png
-    :target: https://www.tembo.io/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest
-
-  |
-
  .. container:: img-dark

-    .. image:: ../static/euronodes.svg
-      :target: https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest
+    .. image:: ../static/bytebase-dark.svg
+      :target: https://www.bytebase.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest

  .. container:: img-light

-    .. image:: ../static/euronodes.svg
-      :target: https://www.euronodes.com/postgrest
-
-  .. container:: img-dark
-
-    .. image:: ../static/supabase-dark.png
-      :target: https://supabase.com/?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage
-
-  .. container:: img-light
-
-    .. image:: ../static/supabase.png
-      :target: https://supabase.com/?utm_source=postgrest%20backers&utm_medium=open%20source%20partner&utm_campaign=postgrest%20backers%20github&utm_term=homepage
+    .. image:: ../static/bytebase.svg
+      :target: https://www.bytebase.com/?utm_source=sponsor&utm_campaign=postgrest

  .. The static/empty.png(created with `convert -size 320x95 xc:#fcfcfc empty.png`) is an ugly workaround
     to create space and center the logos. It's not easy to layout with restructuredText.
@@ -213,7 +220,6 @@ In Production
 Here are some companies that use PostgREST in production.

 * `Catarse <https://www.catarse.me>`_
-* `Datrium <https://www.datrium.com>`_
 * `Drip Depot <https://www.dripdepot.com>`_
 * `Image-charts <https://www.image-charts.com>`_
 * `Netwo <https://www.netwo.io>`_
@@ -194,3 +194,5 @@ Websockets
 webuser
 wfts
 www
+debouncing
+deduplicates
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Custom Queries

 The PostgREST URL grammar limits the kinds of queries clients can perform. It prevents arbitrary, potentially poorly constructed and slow client queries. It's good for quality of service, but means database administrators must create custom views and functions to provide richer endpoints. The most common causes for custom endpoints are

-* Table unions
+* SET operators like `UNION, INTERSECT and EXCEPT <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/queries-union.html>`_.
 * More complicated joins than those provided by :ref:`resource_embedding`.
 * Geo-spatial queries that require an argument, like "points near (lat,lon)"

@@ -46,7 +46,9 @@ This will cause the :ref:`connection_pool` to connect to the read replica host a

 .. note::

-  Under the hood, PostgREST forces `target_session_attrs=read-write <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-TARGET-SESSION-ATTRS>`_ for the ``LISTEN`` session.
+  - Under the hood, PostgREST forces `target_session_attrs=read-write <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNECT-TARGET-SESSION-ATTRS>`_ for the ``LISTEN`` session.
+    So if you specify ``target_session_attrs=read-only`` as mentioned above, PostgREST will override it for the ``LISTEN``.
+  - ``read-only`` is only available on libpq >= 14, if you use a lower version you will get an error like ``invalid target_session_attrs value: \"read-only\"``.

 .. _listener_automatic_recovery:

@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ Restart the database and watch the log file in real-time to understand how HTTP
 Metrics
 =======

-The ``metrics`` endpoint on the :ref:`admin_server` endpoint provides metrics in `Prometheus text format <https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats/#text-based-format>`_.
+The ``metrics`` endpoint on the :ref:`admin_server` endpoint provides metrics in `Prometheus text format <https://prometheus.io/docs/instrumenting/exposition_formats/#prometheus-text-format>`_.

 .. code-block:: bash

@@ -53,6 +53,19 @@ To reload the schema cache from within the database, you can use the ``NOTIFY``

  NOTIFY pgrst, 'reload schema'

+Debouncing
+~~~~~~~~~~
+
+PostgREST does not reload the schema cache for each notification when several ``NOTIFY pgrst`` events are generated quickly after one another.
+
+There are two cases to consider: when notifications are sent within a single transaction and when they are sent across multiple transactions.
+
+In the first case, PostgreSQL deduplicates identical ``NOTIFY`` events within the same transaction. This means that even if multiple ``NOTIFY pgrst`` statements are executed before a ``COMMIT``, only a single notification is delivered to PostgREST.
+
+In the second case, when notifications are sent from separate transactions in a short time span, PostgREST applies a debouncing mechanism to avoid excessive schema cache reloads.
+
+Instead of reloading the schema cache for each notification, events are grouped within a small time window of 100 milliseconds. The reload function is executed once immediately when the first notification is received and once more after the burst of events settles, resulting in at most two executions within that time window.
+
 .. _auto_schema_reloading:

 Automatic Schema Cache Reloading
@@ -91,11 +91,11 @@ postgrest-gen-ctags               postgrest-watch
 postgrest-gen-jwt                 postgrest-with-all
 postgrest-gen-secret              postgrest-with-git
 postgrest-git-hooks               postgrest-with-pgrst
-postgrest-hsie-graph-modules      postgrest-with-postgresql-13
-postgrest-hsie-graph-symbols      postgrest-with-postgresql-14
-postgrest-hsie-minimal-imports    postgrest-with-postgresql-15
-postgrest-lint                    postgrest-with-postgresql-16
-postgrest-loadtest                postgrest-with-postgresql-17
+postgrest-hsie-graph-modules      postgrest-with-pg-13
+postgrest-hsie-graph-symbols      postgrest-with-pg-14
+postgrest-hsie-minimal-imports    postgrest-with-pg-15
+postgrest-lint                    postgrest-with-pg-16
+postgrest-loadtest                postgrest-with-pg-17
 postgrest-loadtest-against        postgrest-with-slow-pg
 postgrest-loadtest-report         postgrest-with-slow-postgrest
 postgrest-nixpkgs-upgrade
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ $ nix-shell --run "postgrest-with-all postgrest-test-spec"

 # Run the tests against a specific version of PostgreSQL (use tab-completion in
 # nix-shell to see all available versions):
-$ nix-shell --run "postgrest-with-postgresql-13 postgrest-test-spec"
+$ nix-shell --run "postgrest-with-pg-13 postgrest-test-spec"

 ```

@@ -284,7 +284,7 @@ Tools like `postgrest-build`, `postgrest-run`, `postgrest-repl` etc. are simple
 also run in CI, with the exception of the IO and Memory checks that need to be run
 separately.

-`postgrest-with-postgresql-*` take a command as an argument and will run it
+`postgrest-with-pg-*` take a command as an argument and will run it
 with a temporary database. `postgrest-with-all` will run the command against
 all supported PostgreSQL versions. Tests run without `postgrest-with-*` are
 run against the latest PostgreSQL version by default.
@@ -104,8 +104,7 @@ let
        ''

        + lib.optionalString withTmpDir ''
-          mkdir -p "''${TMPDIR:-/tmp}/postgrest"
-          tmpdir="$(${coreutils}/bin/mktemp -d --tmpdir postgrest/${name}-XXX)"
+          tmpdir="$(${coreutils}/bin/mktemp -d --tmpdir ${name}-XXX)"

          # we keep the tmpdir when an error occurs for debugging
          trap 'echo Temporary directory kept at: $tmpdir' ERR
@@ -82,6 +82,7 @@ let
      }
      ''
        ${tests}/bin/postgrest-test-spec
+        ${tests}/bin/postgrest-test-observability
        ${tests}/bin/postgrest-test-doctests
        ${tests}/bin/postgrest-test-io
        ${tests}/bin/postgrest-test-big-schema
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 , silver-searcher
 , statix
 , stylish-haskell
+, writeText
 }:
 let
  style =
@@ -51,6 +52,20 @@ let
        ${git}/bin/git diff-index --exit-code HEAD -- '*.hs' '*.lhs' '*.nix' '*.py'
      '';

+  hlintConfig = writeText "hlintConfig.yml" ''
+
+    # Arguments passed to hlint
+    - arguments: [-j, -XQuasiQuotes, -XNoPatternSynonyms]
+
+    # Warnings
+    - warn: { lhs: "a == a", rhs: "True",  note: "This comparison always evaluates to True" }
+    - warn: { lhs: "a /= a", rhs: "False", note: "This comparison always evaluates to False" }
+    - warn: { lhs: "a < a",  rhs: "False", note: "This comparison always evaluates to False" }
+    - warn: { lhs: "a > a",  rhs: "False", note: "This comparison always evaluates to False" }
+    - warn: { lhs: "a <= a", rhs: "True",  note: "This comparison always evaluates to True" }
+    - warn: { lhs: "a >= a", rhs: "True",  note: "This comparison always evaluates to True" }
+  '';
+
  lint =
    checkedShellScript
      {
@@ -79,7 +94,7 @@ let
        echo "Linting Haskell files..."
        # --vimgrep fixes a bug in ag: https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher/issues/753
        ${silver-searcher}/bin/ag -l --vimgrep -g '\.l?hs$' . \
-          | xargs ${hlint}/bin/hlint -j -X QuasiQuotes -X NoPatternSynonyms
+          | xargs ${hlint}/bin/hlint --hint=${hlintConfig}
      '';

 in
@@ -32,6 +32,20 @@ let
          ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-run ${devCabalOptions} test:spec -- "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
      '';

+  testObservability =
+    checkedShellScript
+      {
+        name = "postgrest-test-observability";
+        docs = "Run the Haskell observability test suite.";
+        args = [ "ARG_LEFTOVERS([hspec arguments])" ];
+        workingDir = "/";
+        withEnv = postgrest.env;
+      }
+      ''
+        ${withTools.withPg} -f test/observability/fixtures/load.sql \
+          ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-run ${devCabalOptions} test:observability -- "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
+      '';
+
  testDoctests =
    checkedShellScript
      {
@@ -83,7 +97,7 @@ let
      }
      ''
        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-build ${devCabalOptions} exe:postgrest
-        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures.sql \
+        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures/load.sql \
          ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest --ignore=test/io/test_big_schema.py --ignore=test/io/test_replica.py -v test/io "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
      '';

@@ -98,7 +112,7 @@ let
      }
      ''
        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-build ${devCabalOptions} exe:postgrest
-        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/big_schema.sql \
+        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures/big_schema.sql \
          ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest -v test/io/test_big_schema.py "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
      '';

@@ -113,7 +127,7 @@ let
      }
      ''
        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-build ${devCabalOptions} exe:postgrest
-        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} --replica -f test/io/replica.sql \
+        ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec -- ${withTools.withPg} --replica -f test/io/fixtures/replica.sql \
          ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest -v test/io/test_replica.py "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
      '';

@@ -155,7 +169,7 @@ let
          rm -rf coverage/*

          # build once before running all the tests
-          ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-build ${devCabalOptions} exe:postgrest lib:postgrest test:spec
+          ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-build ${devCabalOptions} exe:postgrest lib:postgrest test:spec test:observability

          (
            trap 'echo Found dead code: Check file list above.' ERR ;
@@ -164,26 +178,31 @@ let

          # collect all tests
          HPCTIXFILE="$tmpdir"/io.tix \
-            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures.sql \
+            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures/load.sql \
            ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec ${devCabalOptions} -- ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest --ignore=test/io/test_big_schema.py --ignore=test/io/test_replica.py -v test/io

          HPCTIXFILE="$tmpdir"/big_schema.tix \
-            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/big_schema.sql \
+            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/io/fixtures/big_schema.sql \
            ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec ${devCabalOptions} -- ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest -v test/io/test_big_schema.py

          HPCTIXFILE="$tmpdir"/replica.tix \
-            ${withTools.withPg} --replica -f test/io/replica.sql \
+            ${withTools.withPg} --replica -f test/io/fixtures/replica.sql \
            ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-exec ${devCabalOptions} -- ${ioTestPython}/bin/pytest -v test/io/test_replica.py

          HPCTIXFILE="$tmpdir"/spec.tix \
            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/spec/fixtures/load.sql \
            ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-run ${devCabalOptions} test:spec

+          HPCTIXFILE="$tmpdir"/observability.tix \
+            ${withTools.withPg} -f test/observability/fixtures/load.sql \
+            ${cabal-install}/bin/cabal v2-run ${devCabalOptions} test:observability
+
          # Note: No coverage for doctests, as doctests leverage GHCi and GHCi does not support hpc

          # collect all the tix files
          ${ghc}/bin/hpc sum  --union --exclude=Paths_postgrest --output="$tmpdir"/tests.tix \
-            "$tmpdir"/io*.tix "$tmpdir"/big_schema*.tix "$tmpdir"/replica*.tix "$tmpdir"/spec.tix
+            "$tmpdir"/io*.tix "$tmpdir"/big_schema*.tix "$tmpdir"/replica*.tix "$tmpdir"/spec.tix \
+            "$tmpdir"/observability.tix

          # prepare the overlay
          ${ghc}/bin/hpc overlay --output="$tmpdir"/overlay.tix test/coverage.overlay
@@ -250,6 +269,7 @@ buildToolbox
  tools = {
    inherit
      testSpec
+      testObservability
      testDoctests
      testSpecIdempotence
      testIO
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ let
        }

        # Avoid starting multiple layers of withTmpDb, but make sure to have the last invocation
-        # load fixtures. Otherwise postgrest-with-postgresql-xx postgrest-test-io would not be possible.
+        # load fixtures. Otherwise postgrest-with-pg-xx postgrest-test-io would not be possible.
        if ! test -v PGHOST; then

          mkdir -p "$tmpdir"/{db,socket}
@@ -74,7 +74,13 @@ let
            >> "$setuplog"

          log "Starting the database cluster..."
+
          # Instead of listening on a local port, we will listen on a unix domain socket.
+          # NOTE: unix domain socket filename name must remain under max limit.
+          # On Linux, it's 108 chars (including '\0' terminator)
+          # On MacOS, it's 104 chars
+          # See: https://serverfault.com/questions/641347/check-if-a-path-exceeds-maximum-for-unix-domain-socket
+
          pg_ctl -l "$tmpdir/db.log" -w start -o "-F -c listen_addresses=\"\" -c hba_file=$HBA_FILE -k $PGHOST -c log_statement=\"all\" " \
            >> "$setuplog"

@@ -433,7 +439,7 @@ buildToolbox
      withSlowPg
      withSlowPgrst;
  } // builtins.listToAttrs (
-    # Create a `postgrest-with-postgresql-` for each PostgreSQL version
+    # Create a `postgrest-with-pg-` for each PostgreSQL version
    builtins.map (pg: { inherit (pg) name; value = withTmpDb pg; }) postgresqlVersions
  );
  # make latest withPg available for other nix files
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 name:               postgrest
-version:            14.1
+version:            14.10
 synopsis:           REST API for any Postgres database
 description:        Reads the schema of a PostgreSQL database and creates RESTful routes
                    for tables, views, and functions, supporting all HTTP methods that security
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@ library
                      PostgREST.Response.OpenAPI
                      PostgREST.Response.GucHeader
                      PostgREST.Response.Performance
+                      PostgREST.TimeIt
                      PostgREST.Version
  build-depends:      base                      >= 4.9 && < 4.20
                    , HTTP                      >= 4000.3.7 && < 4000.5
@@ -102,10 +103,8 @@ library
                    , auto-update               >= 0.1.4 && < 0.3
                    , base64-bytestring         >= 1 && < 1.3
                    , bytestring                >= 0.10.8 && < 0.13
-                    , cache                     >= 0.1.3 && < 0.2.0
                    , case-insensitive          >= 1.2 && < 1.3
                    , cassava                   >= 0.4.5 && < 0.6
-                    , clock                     >= 0.8.3 && < 0.9.0
                    , configurator-pg           >= 0.2.11 && < 0.3
                    , containers                >= 0.5.7 && < 0.7
                    , cookie                    >= 0.4.2 && < 0.6
@@ -118,11 +117,9 @@ library
                    , hasql-notifications       >= 0.2.2.2 && < 0.2.3
                    , hasql-pool                >= 1.0.1 && < 1.1
                    , hasql-transaction         >= 1.0.1 && < 1.2
-                    , heredoc                   >= 0.2 && < 0.3
                    , http-client               >= 0.7.19 && < 0.8
                    , http-types                >= 0.12.2 && < 0.13
                    , insert-ordered-containers >= 0.2.2 && < 0.3
-                    , iproute                   >= 1.7.0 && < 1.8
                    , jose-jwt                  >= 0.9.6 && < 0.11
                    , lens                      >= 4.14 && < 5.4
                    , lens-aeson                >= 1.0.1 && < 1.3
@@ -143,7 +140,6 @@ library
                    , swagger2                  >= 2.4 && < 2.9
                    , text                      >= 1.2.2 && < 2.2
                    , time                      >= 1.6 && < 1.13
-                    , timeit                    >= 2.0 && < 2.1
                    , unordered-containers      >= 0.2.8 && < 0.3
                    , unix-compat               >= 0.5.4 && < 0.8
                    , vault                     >= 0.3.1.5 && < 0.4
@@ -215,7 +211,6 @@ test-suite spec
                      Feature.Auth.AudienceJwtSecretSpec
                      Feature.Auth.AuthSpec
                      Feature.Auth.BinaryJwtSecretSpec
-                      Feature.Auth.JwtCacheSpec
                      Feature.Auth.NoAnonSpec
                      Feature.Auth.NoJwtSecretSpec
                      Feature.ConcurrentSpec
@@ -298,6 +293,40 @@ test-suite spec
                      -- https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/387
                      -with-rtsopts=-K33K

+test-suite observability
+  type:               exitcode-stdio-1.0
+  default-language:   Haskell2010
+  default-extensions: OverloadedStrings
+                      QuasiQuotes
+                      NoImplicitPrelude
+  hs-source-dirs:     test/observability
+  main-is:            Main.hs
+  other-modules:      ObsHelper
+                      Observation.JwtCache
+                      Observation.MetricsSpec
+                      Observation.SchemaCacheSpec
+  build-depends:      base              >= 4.9 && < 4.20
+                    , base64-bytestring >= 1 && < 1.3
+                    , bytestring        >= 0.10.8 && < 0.13
+                    , hasql-pool        >= 1.0.1 && < 1.1
+                    , hasql-transaction >= 1.0.1 && < 1.2
+                    , hspec             >= 2.3 && < 2.12
+                    , hspec-expectations >= 0.8.4 && < 0.9
+                    , hspec-wai         >= 0.10 && < 0.12
+                    , hspec-wai-json    >= 0.10 && < 0.12
+                    , http-types        >= 0.12.3 && < 0.13
+                    , jose-jwt          >= 0.9.6 && < 0.11
+                    , postgrest
+                    , prometheus-client >= 1.1.1 && < 1.2.0
+                    , protolude         >= 0.3.1 && < 0.4
+                    , text              >= 1.2.2 && < 2.2
+                    , wai               >= 3.2.1 && < 3.3
+  ghc-options:        -threaded -O0 -Werror -Wall -fwarn-identities
+                      -fno-spec-constr -optP-Wno-nonportable-include-path
+                      -fwrite-ide-info
+                      -- https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/387
+                      -with-rtsopts=-K33K
+
 test-suite doctests
  type:               exitcode-stdio-1.0
  default-language:   Haskell2010
@@ -19,22 +19,23 @@ import PostgREST.Observation (Observation (..))

 import qualified PostgREST.AppState as AppState

-import Protolude
+import qualified Network.Socket as NS
+import           Protolude

-runAdmin :: AppState -> Warp.Settings -> IO ()
-runAdmin appState settings = do
-  whenJust (AppState.getSocketAdmin appState) $ \adminSocket -> do
+runAdmin :: AppState -> Maybe NS.Socket -> NS.Socket -> Warp.Settings -> IO ()
+runAdmin appState maybeAdminSocket socketREST settings = do
+  whenJust maybeAdminSocket $ \adminSocket -> do
    address <- resolveSocketToAddress adminSocket
    observer $ AdminStartObs address
    void . forkIO $ Warp.runSettingsSocket settings adminSocket adminApp
  where
-    adminApp = admin appState
+    adminApp = admin appState socketREST
    observer = AppState.getObserver appState

 -- | PostgREST admin application
-admin :: AppState.AppState -> Wai.Application
-admin appState req respond  = do
-  isMainAppReachable  <- isRight <$> reachMainApp (AppState.getSocketREST appState)
+admin :: AppState.AppState -> NS.Socket -> Wai.Application
+admin appState socketREST req respond  = do
+  isMainAppReachable  <- isRight <$> reachMainApp socketREST
  isLoaded <- AppState.isLoaded appState
  isPending <- AppState.isPending appState

@@ -9,18 +9,24 @@ Some of its functionality includes:
 - Producing HTTP Headers according to RFCs.
 - Content Negotiation
 -}
-{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards     #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ViewPatterns        #-}
 module PostgREST.App
  ( postgrest
  , run
  ) where


+import GHC.IO.Exception (IOErrorType (..))
+import System.IO.Error  (ioeGetErrorType)
+
 import Control.Monad.Except     (liftEither)
 import Data.Either.Combinators  (mapLeft, whenLeft)
 import Data.Maybe               (fromJust)
 import Data.String              (IsString (..))
-import Network.Wai.Handler.Warp (defaultSettings, setHost, setPort,
+import Network.Wai.Handler.Warp (defaultSettings, setHost,
+                                 setOnException, setPort,
                                 setServerName)

 import qualified Data.Text.Encoding       as T
@@ -51,35 +57,58 @@ import PostgREST.Observation          (Observation (..))
 import PostgREST.Response.Performance (ServerTiming (..),
                                       serverTimingHeader)
 import PostgREST.SchemaCache          (SchemaCache (..))
+import PostgREST.TimeIt               (timeItT)
 import PostgREST.Version              (docsVersion, prettyVersion)

-import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8 as BS
-import qualified Data.List             as L
-import qualified Network.HTTP.Types    as HTTP
-import           Protolude             hiding (Handler)
-import           System.TimeIt         (timeItT)
+import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8  as BS
+import qualified Data.List              as L
+import           Data.Streaming.Network (bindPortTCP,
+                                         bindRandomPortTCP)
+import qualified Data.Text              as T
+import qualified Network.HTTP.Types     as HTTP
+import qualified Network.Socket         as NS
+import           PostgREST.Unix         (createAndBindDomainSocket)
+import           Protolude              hiding (Handler)

 type Handler = ExceptT Error

 run :: AppState -> IO ()
 run appState = do
-  let observer = AppState.getObserver appState
  conf@AppConfig{..} <- AppState.getConfig appState

  AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState -- Loads the initial SchemaCache
-  Unix.installSignalHandlers (AppState.getMainThreadId appState) (AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState) (AppState.readInDbConfig False appState)
+  (mainSocket, adminSocket) <- initSockets conf
+
+  Unix.installSignalHandlers observer (AppState.getMainThreadId appState) (AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState) (AppState.readInDbConfig False appState)

  Listener.runListener appState

-  Admin.runAdmin appState (serverSettings conf)
+  Admin.runAdmin appState adminSocket mainSocket (serverSettings conf)

  let app = postgrest configLogLevel appState (AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState)

  do
-    address <- resolveSocketToAddress (AppState.getSocketREST appState)
+    address <- resolveSocketToAddress mainSocket
    observer $ AppServerAddressObs address

-  Warp.runSettingsSocket (serverSettings conf) (AppState.getSocketREST appState) app
+  Warp.runSettingsSocket (serverSettings conf & setOnException onWarpException) mainSocket app
+  where
+    observer = AppState.getObserver appState
+
+    onWarpException :: Maybe Wai.Request -> SomeException -> IO ()
+    onWarpException _ ex =
+      when (shouldDisplayException ex) $
+        observer $ WarpServerObs $ show ex
+
+    -- Similar to wai defaultShouldDisplayException in
+    -- https://github.com/yesodweb/wai//blob/8c3882c60f6abe043889fc20c7efd3fa9747fa4a/warp/Network/Wai/Handler/Warp/Settings.hs#L251-L258
+    -- but without omitting AsyncException since it's important to log for ThreadKilled, StackOverflow and other cases.
+    -- We want to reuse this to avoid flooding the logs for some transient failure cases.
+    shouldDisplayException :: SomeException -> Bool
+    shouldDisplayException se
+        | Just (_ :: Warp.InvalidRequest) <- fromException se = False
+        | Just (ioeGetErrorType -> et) <- fromException se, et == ResourceVanished || et == InvalidArgument = False
+        | otherwise = True

 serverSettings :: AppConfig -> Warp.Settings
 serverSettings AppConfig{..} =
@@ -206,3 +235,40 @@ addRetryHint delay response = do

 isServiceUnavailable :: Wai.Response -> Bool
 isServiceUnavailable response = Wai.responseStatus response == HTTP.status503
+
+type AppSockets = (NS.Socket, Maybe NS.Socket)
+
+initSockets :: AppConfig -> IO AppSockets
+initSockets AppConfig{..} = do
+  let
+    cfg'usp = configServerUnixSocket
+    cfg'uspm = configServerUnixSocketMode
+    cfg'host = configServerHost
+    cfg'port = configServerPort
+    cfg'adminHost = configAdminServerHost
+    cfg'adminPort = configAdminServerPort
+
+  sock <- case cfg'usp of
+    -- I'm not using `streaming-commons`' bindPath function here because it's not defined for Windows,
+    -- but we need to have runtime error if we try to use it in Windows, not compile time error
+    Just path -> createAndBindDomainSocket path cfg'uspm
+    Nothing -> do
+      (_, sock) <-
+        if cfg'port /= 0
+          then do
+            sock <- bindPortTCP cfg'port (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'host)
+            pure (cfg'port, sock)
+          else do
+            -- explicitly bind to a random port, returning bound port number
+            (num, sock) <- bindRandomPortTCP (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'host)
+            pure (num, sock)
+      pure sock
+
+  adminSock <- case cfg'adminPort of
+    Just adminPort -> do
+      adminSock <- bindPortTCP adminPort (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'adminHost)
+      pure $ Just adminSock
+    Nothing -> pure Nothing
+
+  pure (sock, adminSock)
+
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ module PostgREST.AppState
  , getNextListenerDelay
  , getTime
  , getJwtCacheState
-  , getSocketREST
-  , getSocketAdmin
  , init
-  , initSockets
  , initWithPool
+  , putConfig -- For tests TODO refactoring
  , putNextListenerDelay
  , putSchemaCache
  , putPgVersion
@@ -32,20 +30,18 @@ module PostgREST.AppState

 import qualified Data.ByteString.Char8      as BS
 import           Data.Either.Combinators    (whenLeft)
-import qualified Data.Text                  as T (unpack)
 import qualified Hasql.Pool                 as SQL
 import qualified Hasql.Pool.Config          as SQL
 import qualified Hasql.Session              as SQL
 import qualified Hasql.Transaction.Sessions as SQL
 import qualified Network.HTTP.Types.Status  as HTTP
-import qualified Network.Socket             as NS
 import qualified PostgREST.Auth.JwtCache    as JwtCache
 import qualified PostgREST.Error            as Error
 import qualified PostgREST.Logger           as Logger
 import qualified PostgREST.Metrics          as Metrics
 import           PostgREST.Observation
+import           PostgREST.TimeIt           (timeItT)
 import           PostgREST.Version          (prettyVersion)
-import           System.TimeIt              (timeItT)

 import Control.AutoUpdate (defaultUpdateSettings, mkAutoUpdate,
                           updateAction)
@@ -70,10 +66,7 @@ import PostgREST.SchemaCache             (SchemaCache (..),
                                          querySchemaCache,
                                          showSummary)
 import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Identifiers (quoteQi)
-import PostgREST.Unix                    (createAndBindDomainSocket)

-import Data.Streaming.Network (bindPortTCP, bindRandomPortTCP)
-import Data.String            (IsString (..))
 import Protolude

 data AppState = AppState
@@ -99,10 +92,6 @@ data AppState = AppState
  , stateNextDelay         :: IORef Int
  -- | Keeps track of the next delay for the listener
  , stateNextListenerDelay :: IORef Int
-  -- | Network socket for REST API
-  , stateSocketREST        :: NS.Socket
-  -- | Network socket for the admin UI
-  , stateSocketAdmin       :: Maybe NS.Socket
  -- | Observation handler
  , stateObserver          :: ObservationHandler
  -- | JWT Cache
@@ -117,8 +106,6 @@ data SchemaCacheStatus
  | SCPending
  deriving Eq

-type AppSockets = (NS.Socket, Maybe NS.Socket)
-
 init :: AppConfig -> IO AppState
 init conf@AppConfig{configLogLevel, configDbPoolSize} = do
  loggerState  <- Logger.init
@@ -128,12 +115,10 @@ init conf@AppConfig{configLogLevel, configDbPoolSize} = do
  observer $ AppStartObs prettyVersion

  pool <- initPool conf observer
-  (sock, adminSock) <- initSockets conf
-  state' <- initWithPool (sock, adminSock) pool conf loggerState metricsState observer
-  pure state' { stateSocketREST = sock, stateSocketAdmin = adminSock}
+  initWithPool pool conf loggerState metricsState observer --{ stateSocketREST = sock, stateSocketAdmin = adminSock}

-initWithPool :: AppSockets -> SQL.Pool -> AppConfig -> Logger.LoggerState -> Metrics.MetricsState -> ObservationHandler -> IO AppState
-initWithPool (sock, adminSock) pool conf loggerState metricsState observer = do
+initWithPool :: SQL.Pool -> AppConfig -> Logger.LoggerState -> Metrics.MetricsState -> ObservationHandler -> IO AppState
+initWithPool pool conf loggerState metricsState observer = do

  appState <- AppState pool
    <$> newIORef minimumPgVersion -- assume we're in a supported version when starting, this will be corrected on a later step
@@ -146,8 +131,6 @@ initWithPool (sock, adminSock) pool conf loggerState metricsState observer = do
    <*> myThreadId
    <*> newIORef 0
    <*> newIORef 1
-    <*> pure sock
-    <*> pure adminSock
    <*> pure observer
    <*> JwtCache.init conf observer
    <*> pure loggerState
@@ -166,40 +149,6 @@ initWithPool (sock, adminSock) pool conf loggerState metricsState observer = do
 destroy :: AppState -> IO ()
 destroy = destroyPool

-initSockets :: AppConfig -> IO AppSockets
-initSockets AppConfig{..} = do
-  let
-    cfg'usp = configServerUnixSocket
-    cfg'uspm = configServerUnixSocketMode
-    cfg'host = configServerHost
-    cfg'port = configServerPort
-    cfg'adminHost = configAdminServerHost
-    cfg'adminPort = configAdminServerPort
-
-  sock <- case cfg'usp of
-    -- I'm not using `streaming-commons`' bindPath function here because it's not defined for Windows,
-    -- but we need to have runtime error if we try to use it in Windows, not compile time error
-    Just path -> createAndBindDomainSocket path cfg'uspm
-    Nothing -> do
-      (_, sock) <-
-        if cfg'port /= 0
-          then do
-            sock <- bindPortTCP cfg'port (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'host)
-            pure (cfg'port, sock)
-          else do
-            -- explicitly bind to a random port, returning bound port number
-            (num, sock) <- bindRandomPortTCP (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'host)
-            pure (num, sock)
-      pure sock
-
-  adminSock <- case cfg'adminPort of
-    Just adminPort -> do
-      adminSock <- bindPortTCP adminPort (fromString $ T.unpack cfg'adminHost)
-      pure $ Just adminSock
-    Nothing -> pure Nothing
-
-  pure (sock, adminSock)
-
 initPool :: AppConfig -> ObservationHandler -> IO SQL.Pool
 initPool AppConfig{..} observer = do
  SQL.acquire $ SQL.settings
@@ -270,10 +219,14 @@ usePool AppState{stateObserver=observer, stateMainThreadId=mainThreadId, ..} ses

 -- | Flush the connection pool so that any future use of the pool will
 -- use connections freshly established after this call.
+-- | Emits PoolFlushed observation
 flushPool :: AppState -> IO ()
-flushPool AppState{..} = SQL.release statePool
+flushPool AppState{..} = do
+  SQL.release statePool
+  stateObserver PoolFlushed

 -- | Destroy the pool on shutdown.
+-- | Differs from flushPool in not emiting PoolFlushed observation.
 destroyPool :: AppState -> IO ()
 destroyPool AppState{..} = SQL.release statePool

@@ -313,12 +266,6 @@ getTime = stateGetTime
 getJwtCacheState :: AppState -> JwtCacheState
 getJwtCacheState = stateJwtCache

-getSocketREST :: AppState -> NS.Socket
-getSocketREST = stateSocketREST
-
-getSocketAdmin :: AppState -> Maybe NS.Socket
-getSocketAdmin = stateSocketAdmin
-
 getMainThreadId :: AppState -> ThreadId
 getMainThreadId = stateMainThreadId

@@ -366,8 +313,6 @@ retryingSchemaCacheLoad appState@AppState{stateObserver=observer, stateMainThrea
      observer $ ConnectionRetryObs delay
      putNextListenerDelay appState delay

-    flushPool appState
-
    (,) <$> qPgVersion <*> (qInDbConfig *> qSchemaCache)
  )
  where
@@ -382,14 +327,16 @@ retryingSchemaCacheLoad appState@AppState{stateObserver=observer, stateMainThrea
            observer ExitDBNoRecoveryObs
            killThread mainThreadId
          return Nothing
-        Right actualPgVersion -> do
-          when (actualPgVersion < minimumPgVersion) $ do
+        Right actualPgVersion ->
+          if actualPgVersion < minimumPgVersion then do
            observer $ ExitUnsupportedPgVersion actualPgVersion minimumPgVersion
            killThread mainThreadId
-          observer $ DBConnectedObs $ pgvFullName actualPgVersion
-          observer $ PoolInit configDbPoolSize
-          putPgVersion appState actualPgVersion
-          return $ Just actualPgVersion
+            return Nothing
+          else do
+            observer $ DBConnectedObs $ pgvFullName actualPgVersion
+            observer $ PoolInit configDbPoolSize
+            putPgVersion appState actualPgVersion
+            return $ Just actualPgVersion

    qInDbConfig :: IO ()
    qInDbConfig = do
@@ -414,6 +361,10 @@ retryingSchemaCacheLoad appState@AppState{stateObserver=observer, stateMainThrea
          -- IORef on putSchemaCache. This is why SCacheStatus is put at SCPending here to signal the Admin server (using isPending) that we're on a recovery state.
          putSCacheStatus appState SCPending
          putSchemaCache appState $ Just sCache
+          -- Flush the pool after loading the schema cache to reset any stale session cache entries
+          -- We do it after successfully querying the schema cache (because this can fail and during retries we would flush the pool repeatedly unnecessarily)
+          -- and after marking sCacheStatus as pending,
+          flushPool appState
          observer $ SchemaCacheQueriedObs resultTime
          (t, _) <- timeItT $ observer $ SchemaCacheSummaryObs $ showSummary sCache
          observer $ SchemaCacheLoadedObs t
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ import qualified Network.Wai                     as Wai
 import qualified Network.Wai.Middleware.HttpAuth as Wai

 import Data.List        (lookup)
+import PostgREST.TimeIt (timeItT)
 import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
-import System.TimeIt    (timeItT)

 import PostgREST.AppState      (AppState, getConfig, getJwtCacheState,
                                getTime)
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ Module      : PostgREST.Error
 Description : PostgREST error HTTP responses
 -}
 {-# OPTIONS_GHC -fno-warn-orphans #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns  #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}

 module PostgREST.Error
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ import Network.HTTP.Types.Header (Header)
 import           PostgREST.MediaType (MediaType (..))
 import qualified PostgREST.MediaType as MediaType

+import PostgREST.SchemaCache              (SchemaCache (SchemaCache, dbTablesFuzzyIndex))
 import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Identifiers  (QualifiedIdentifier (..),
                                           Schema)
 import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Relationship (Cardinality (..),
@@ -49,10 +51,8 @@ import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Relationship (Cardinality (..),
                                           RelationshipsMap)
 import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Routine      (Routine (..),
                                           RoutineParam (..))
-import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Table        (Table (..))
 import Protolude

-
 class (ErrorBody a, JSON.ToJSON a) => PgrstError a where
  status   :: a -> HTTP.Status
  headers  :: a -> [Header]
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ data SchemaCacheError
  | NoRelBetween Text Text (Maybe Text) Text RelationshipsMap
  | NoRpc Text Text [Text] MediaType Bool [QualifiedIdentifier] [Routine]
  | ColumnNotFound Text Text
-  | TableNotFound Text Text [Table]
+  | TableNotFound Text Text SchemaCache
  deriving Show

 instance PgrstError SchemaCacheError where
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ instance ErrorBody SchemaCacheError where
      where
        onlySingleParams = isInvPost && contentType `elem` [MTTextPlain, MTTextXML, MTOctetStream]
  hint (AmbiguousRpc _)      = Just "Try renaming the parameters or the function itself in the database so function overloading can be resolved"
-  hint (TableNotFound schemaName relName tbls) = JSON.String <$> tableNotFoundHint schemaName relName tbls
+  hint (TableNotFound schemaName relName schemaCache) = JSON.String <$> tableNotFoundHint schemaName relName schemaCache

  hint _ = Nothing

@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ noRelBetweenHint parent child schema allRels = ("Perhaps you meant '" <>) <$>
 -- Just "Perhaps you meant to call the function api.test"
 --
 -- >>> noRpcHint "api" "other" [] procs []
-- Just "Perhaps you meant to call the function api.another"
+-- Nothing
 --
 -- >>> noRpcHint "api" "noclosealternative" [] procs []
 -- Nothing
@@ -423,18 +423,30 @@ noRpcHint schema procName params allProcs overloadedProcs =
    -- E.g. ["val", "param", "name"] into "(name, param, val)"
    listToText       = ("(" <>) . (<> ")") . T.intercalate ", " . sort
    possibleProcs
-      | null overloadedProcs = Fuzzy.getOne fuzzySetOfProcs procName
-      | otherwise            = (procName <>) <$> Fuzzy.getOne fuzzySetOfParams (listToText params)
+      | null overloadedProcs = getFuzzyHint HintProcedure fuzzySetOfProcs procName
+      | otherwise            = (procName <>) <$> getFuzzyHint HintParams fuzzySetOfParams (listToText params)

 -- |
 -- Do a fuzzy search in all tables in the same schema and return closest result
-tableNotFoundHint :: Text -> Text -> [Table] -> Maybe Text
-tableNotFoundHint schema tblName tblList
+tableNotFoundHint :: Text -> Text -> SchemaCache -> Maybe Text
+tableNotFoundHint schema tblName SchemaCache{dbTablesFuzzyIndex}
  = fmap (\tbl -> "Perhaps you meant the table '" <> schema <> "." <> tbl <> "'") perhapsTable
    where
-      perhapsTable = Fuzzy.getOne fuzzyTableSet tblName
-      fuzzyTableSet = Fuzzy.fromList [ tableName tbl | tbl <- tblList, tableSchema tbl == schema]
+      perhapsTable = (\fuzzySet -> getFuzzyHint HintTable fuzzySet tblName) =<< HM.lookup schema dbTablesFuzzyIndex

+data HintType
+  = HintTable
+  | HintProcedure
+  | HintParams
+
+-- | Get hint using Fuzzy Search with at least 0.75 similarity score
+getFuzzyHint :: HintType -> Fuzzy.FuzzySet -> Text -> Maybe Text
+getFuzzyHint hintType =
+  let minScore = 0.75 :: Double -- used for table and procedure name hints
+  in case hintType of
+    HintTable     -> Fuzzy.getOneWithMinScore minScore
+    HintProcedure -> Fuzzy.getOneWithMinScore minScore
+    HintParams    -> Fuzzy.getOne -- For params, we stick to `getOne` which defaults to 0.33 min score, not a security risk to reveal params

 compressedRel :: Relationship -> JSON.Value
 -- An ambiguousness error cannot happen for computed relationships TODO refactor so this mempty is not needed
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase      #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE MultiWayIf      #-}
 {-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}

@@ -9,30 +10,41 @@ import qualified Hasql.Connection      as SQL
 import qualified Hasql.Notifications   as SQL
 import           PostgREST.AppState    (AppState, getConfig)
 import           PostgREST.Config      (AppConfig (..))
-import           PostgREST.Observation (Observation (..))
+import           PostgREST.Observation (Observation (..),
+                                        isDbListenerBug)
 import           PostgREST.Version     (prettyVersion)

 import qualified PostgREST.AppState as AppState
 import qualified PostgREST.Config   as Config

-import Protolude
+import           Control.Arrow              ((&&&))
+import           Data.Bitraversable         (bisequence)
+import           Data.Either.Combinators    (whenRight)
+import qualified Database.PostgreSQL.LibPQ  as LibPQ
+import qualified Hasql.Session              as SQL
+import           PostgREST.Config.Database  (queryPgVersion)
+import           PostgREST.Config.PgVersion (pgvFullName)
+import           Protolude

 -- | Starts the Listener in a thread
 runListener :: AppState -> IO ()
 runListener appState = do
  AppConfig{..} <- getConfig appState
  when configDbChannelEnabled $
-    void . forkIO $ retryingListen appState
+    void . forkIO . void $ retryingListen appState

 -- | Starts a LISTEN connection and handles notifications. It recovers with exponential backoff with a cap of 32 seconds, if the LISTEN connection is lost.
-retryingListen :: AppState -> IO ()
+-- | This function never returns (but can throw) and return type enforces that.
+retryingListen :: AppState -> IO Void
 retryingListen appState = do
  AppConfig{..} <- AppState.getConfig appState
  let
    dbChannel = toS configDbChannel
-    handleFinally err = do
+    onError err = do
      AppState.putIsListenerOn appState False
      observer $ DBListenFail dbChannel (Right err)
+      when (isDbListenerBug err) $
+        observer DBListenBugHint
      unless configDbPoolAutomaticRecovery $
        killThread mainThreadId

@@ -42,29 +54,42 @@ retryingListen appState = do
      threadDelay (delay * oneSecondInMicro)
      unless (delay == maxDelay) $
        AppState.putNextListenerDelay appState (delay * 2)
+      -- loop running the listener
      retryingListen appState

-  -- forkFinally allows to detect if the thread dies
-  void . flip forkFinally handleFinally $ do
-    dbOrError <- SQL.acquire $ toUtf8 (Config.addTargetSessionAttrs $ Config.addFallbackAppName prettyVersion configDbUri)
-    case dbOrError of
-      Right db -> do
-        SQL.listen db $ SQL.toPgIdentifier dbChannel
-        AppState.putIsListenerOn appState True
+  -- Execute the listener with with error handling
+  handle onError $ do
+    -- Make sure we don't leak connections on errors
+    bracket
+      -- acquire connection
+      (SQL.acquire $ toUtf8 (Config.addTargetSessionAttrs $ Config.addFallbackAppName prettyVersion configDbUri))
+      -- release connection
+      (`whenRight` releaseConnection) $
+      -- use connection
+      \case
+        Right db -> do
+          SQL.listen db $ SQL.toPgIdentifier dbChannel
+          (pqHost, pqPort) <- SQL.withLibPQConnection db $ bisequence . (LibPQ.host &&& LibPQ.port)
+          pgFullName <- SQL.run (queryPgVersion False) db >>= either throwIO (pure . pgvFullName)

-        delay <- AppState.getNextListenerDelay appState
-        when (delay > 1) $ do -- if we did a retry
-          -- assume we lost notifications, refresh the schema cache
-          AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
-          -- reset the delay
-          AppState.putNextListenerDelay appState 1
+          AppState.putIsListenerOn appState True

-        observer $ DBListenStart dbChannel
-        SQL.waitForNotifications handleNotification db
+          delay <- AppState.getNextListenerDelay appState
+          when (delay > 1) $ do -- if we did a retry
+            -- assume we lost notifications, refresh the schema cache
+            AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+            -- reset the delay
+            AppState.putNextListenerDelay appState 1

-      Left err -> do
-        observer $ DBListenFail dbChannel (Left err)
-        exitFailure
+          observer $ DBListenStart pqHost pqPort pgFullName dbChannel
+
+          -- wait for notifications
+          -- this will never return, in case of an error it will throw and be caught by onError
+          forever $ SQL.waitForNotifications handleNotification db
+
+        Left err -> do
+          observer $ DBListenFail dbChannel (Left err)
+          exitFailure
  where
    observer = AppState.getObserver appState
    mainThreadId = AppState.getMainThreadId appState
@@ -79,3 +104,5 @@ retryingListen appState = do

    cacheReloader =
      AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+
+    releaseConnection = void . forkIO . handle (observer . DBListenerConnectionCleanupFail) . SQL.release
@@ -110,12 +110,18 @@ observationLogger loggerState logLevel obs = case obs of
  o@PoolRequestFullfilled ->
    when (logLevel >= LogDebug) $ do
      logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o
+  o@PoolFlushed ->
+    when (logLevel >= LogDebug) $ do
+      logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o
  o@JwtCacheEviction ->
    when (logLevel >= LogDebug) $ do
      logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o
  o@(JwtCacheLookup _) ->
    when (logLevel >= LogDebug) $ do
      logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o
+  o@(WarpServerObs _) ->
+    when (logLevel >= LogDebug) $ do
+      logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o
  o ->
    logWithZTime loggerState $ observationMessage o

@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE DeriveGeneric #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase    #-}
 {-|
 Module      : PostgREST.Observation
 Description : This module holds an Observation type which is the core of Observability for PostgREST.
@@ -12,6 +13,7 @@ module PostgREST.Observation
  , observationMessage
  , ObservationHandler
  , showOnSingleLine
+  , isDbListenerBug
  ) where

 import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy       as LBS
@@ -43,11 +45,13 @@ data Observation
  | SchemaCacheSummaryObs Text
  | SchemaCacheLoadedObs Double
  | ConnectionRetryObs Int
-  | DBListenStart Text
-  | DBListenFail Text (Either SQL.ConnectionError (Either SomeException ()))
+  | DBListenStart (Maybe ByteString) (Maybe ByteString) Text Text -- host, port, version string, channel
+  | DBListenFail Text (Either SQL.ConnectionError SomeException)
  | DBListenRetry Int
+  | DBListenBugHint -- https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/3147
  | DBListenerGotSCacheMsg ByteString
  | DBListenerGotConfigMsg ByteString
+  | DBListenerConnectionCleanupFail SomeException
  | QueryObs MainQuery Status
  | ConfigReadErrorObs SQL.UsageError
  | ConfigInvalidObs Text
@@ -60,8 +64,12 @@ data Observation
  | HasqlPoolObs SQL.Observation
  | PoolRequest
  | PoolRequestFullfilled
+  | PoolFlushed
  | JwtCacheLookup Bool
  | JwtCacheEviction
+  | TerminationUnixSignalObs Text
+  | WarpServerObs Text
+  deriving (Generic)

 data ObsFatalError = ServerAuthError | ServerPgrstBug | ServerError42P05 | ServerError08P01

@@ -107,17 +115,21 @@ observationMessage = \case
    "Attempting to reconnect to the database in " <> (show delay::Text) <> " seconds..."
  QueryPgVersionError usageErr ->
    "Failed to query the PostgreSQL version. " <> jsonMessage usageErr
-  DBListenStart channel -> do
-    "Listening for database notifications on the " <> show channel <> " channel"
+  DBListenStart host port fullName channel -> do
+    "Listener connected to " <> fullName <> " on " <> show (fold $ host <> fmap (":" <>) port) <> " and listening for database notifications on the " <> show channel <> " channel"
  DBListenFail channel listenErr ->
    "Failed listening for database notifications on the " <> show channel <> " channel. " <>
      either showListenerConnError showListenerException listenErr
  DBListenRetry delay ->
    "Retrying listening for database notifications in " <> (show delay::Text) <> " seconds..."
+  DBListenBugHint ->
+    "HINT:  This is likely a bug in the notification queue, try executing the following to solve it: select pg_notification_queue_usage();"
  DBListenerGotSCacheMsg channel ->
    "Received a schema cache reload message on the " <> show channel <> " channel"
  DBListenerGotConfigMsg channel ->
    "Received a config reload message on the " <> show channel <> " channel"
+  DBListenerConnectionCleanupFail ex ->
+    "Failed during listener connection cleanup: " <> showOnSingleLine '\t' (show ex)
  QueryObs{} ->
    mempty -- TODO pending refactor: The logic for printing the query cannot be done here. Join the observationMessage function into observationLogger to avoid this mempty.
  ConfigReadErrorObs usageErr ->
@@ -150,13 +162,19 @@ observationMessage = \case
    "Trying to borrow a connection from pool"
  PoolRequestFullfilled ->
    "Borrowed a connection from the pool"
+  PoolFlushed ->
+    "Database connection pool flushed"
  JwtCacheLookup _ ->
    "Looked up a JWT in JWT cache"
  JwtCacheEviction ->
    "Evicted entry from JWT cache"
+  TerminationUnixSignalObs signal ->
+    "Received termination unix signal " <> signal
+  WarpServerObs txt ->
+    "Warp server: " <> txt
  where
    showMillis :: Double -> Text
-    showMillis x = toS $ showFFloat (Just 1) (x * 1000) ""
+    showMillis x = toS $ showFFloat (Just 1) x ""

    jsonMessage err = T.decodeUtf8 . LBS.toStrict . Error.errorPayload $ Error.PgError False err

@@ -164,10 +182,12 @@ observationMessage = \case
    showListenerConnError :: SQL.ConnectionError -> Text
    showListenerConnError = maybe "Connection error" (showOnSingleLine '\t' . T.decodeUtf8)

-    showListenerException :: Either SomeException () -> Text
-    showListenerException (Right _) = "Failed getting notifications" -- should not happen as the listener will never finish (hasql-notifications uses `forever` internally) with a Right result
-    showListenerException (Left e)  = showOnSingleLine '\t' $ show e
+    showListenerException :: SomeException -> Text
+    showListenerException = showOnSingleLine '\t' . show


 showOnSingleLine :: Char -> Text -> Text
 showOnSingleLine split txt = T.intercalate " " $ T.filter (/= split) <$> T.lines txt -- the errors from hasql-notifications come intercalated with "\t\n"
+
+isDbListenerBug :: SomeException -> Bool
+isDbListenerBug e = "could not access status of transaction" `T.isInfixOf` show e
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ dbActionPlan dbAct conf apiReq sCache = case dbAct of

 wrappedReadPlan :: QualifiedIdentifier -> AppConfig -> SchemaCache -> ApiRequest -> Bool -> Either Error CrudPlan
 wrappedReadPlan  identifier conf sCache apiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..},..} headersOnly = do
-  qi <- findTable identifier (dbTables sCache)
+  qi <- findTable identifier sCache
  rPlan <- readPlan qi conf sCache apiRequest
  (handler, mediaType)  <- mapLeft ApiRequestError $ negotiateContent conf apiRequest qi iAcceptMediaType (dbMediaHandlers sCache) (hasDefaultSelect rPlan)
  if not (null invalidPrefs) && preferHandling == Just Strict then Left $ ApiRequestError $ InvalidPreferences invalidPrefs else Right ()
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ wrappedReadPlan  identifier conf sCache apiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Prefe

 mutateReadPlan :: Mutation -> ApiRequest -> QualifiedIdentifier -> AppConfig -> SchemaCache -> Either Error CrudPlan
 mutateReadPlan  mutation apiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..},..} identifier conf sCache = do
-  qi <- findTable identifier (dbTables sCache)
+  qi <- findTable identifier sCache
  rPlan <- readPlan qi conf sCache apiRequest
  mPlan <- mutatePlan mutation qi apiRequest sCache rPlan
  if not (null invalidPrefs) && preferHandling == Just Strict then Left $ ApiRequestError $ InvalidPreferences invalidPrefs else Right ()
@@ -256,14 +256,16 @@ findProc qi argumentsKeys allProcs contentMediaType isInvPost =
      | hasSingleUnnamedParam proc = (ts,proc:fs)
      | otherwise                  = (ts,fs)
    -- If the function is called with post and has a single unnamed parameter
-    -- it can be called depending on content type and the parameter type
-    hasSingleUnnamedParam Function{pdParams=[RoutineParam{ppType}]} = isInvPost && case (contentMediaType, ppType) of
-      (MTApplicationJSON, "json")  -> True
-      (MTApplicationJSON, "jsonb") -> True
-      (MTTextPlain, "text")        -> True
-      (MTTextXML, "xml")           -> True
-      (MTOctetStream, "bytea")     -> True
-      _                            -> False
+    -- it can be called depending on content type and the parameter type.
+    -- The parameter must have no declared name (ppName == mempty).
+    hasSingleUnnamedParam Function{pdParams=[RoutineParam{ppName, ppType}]} =
+      isInvPost && ppName == mempty && case (contentMediaType, ppType) of
+        (MTApplicationJSON, "json")  -> True
+        (MTApplicationJSON, "jsonb") -> True
+        (MTTextPlain, "text")        -> True
+        (MTTextXML, "xml")           -> True
+        (MTOctetStream, "bytea")     -> True
+        _                            -> False
    hasSingleUnnamedParam _ = False
    matchesParams proc =
      let
@@ -810,10 +812,10 @@ validateAggFunctions aggFunctionsAllowed (Node rp@ReadPlan {select} forest)
  | otherwise = Node rp <$> traverse (validateAggFunctions aggFunctionsAllowed) forest

 -- | Lookup table in the schema cache before creating read plan
-findTable :: QualifiedIdentifier -> TablesMap -> Either Error QualifiedIdentifier
-findTable qi@QualifiedIdentifier{..} tableMap =
-  case HM.lookup qi tableMap of
-    Nothing -> Left $ SchemaCacheErr $ TableNotFound qiSchema qiName (HM.elems tableMap)
+findTable :: QualifiedIdentifier -> SchemaCache -> Either Error QualifiedIdentifier
+findTable qi@QualifiedIdentifier{..} sc@SchemaCache{dbTables} =
+  case HM.lookup qi dbTables of
+    Nothing -> Left $ SchemaCacheErr $ TableNotFound qiSchema qiName sc
    Just _ -> Right qi

 addFilters :: ResolverContext -> ApiRequest -> ReadPlanTree -> Either Error ReadPlanTree
@@ -963,10 +965,17 @@ addRanges ApiRequest{..} rReq =

 addLogicTrees :: ResolverContext -> ApiRequest -> ReadPlanTree -> Either Error ReadPlanTree
 addLogicTrees ctx ApiRequest{..} rReq =
-  foldr addLogicTreeToNode (Right rReq) qsLogic
+  foldr addLogicTreeToNode (Right rReq) logic
  where
    QueryParams.QueryParams{..} = iQueryParams

+    logic =
+      case iAction of
+        ActDb (ActRelationRead _  _) -> qsLogic
+        ActDb (ActRoutine _ _)       -> qsLogic
+        -- For mutations, take the non-root logic filters. These will only affect the embeddings and not the top level of the returned representation.
+        _                            -> filter (not . null . fst) qsLogic
+
    addLogicTreeToNode :: (EmbedPath, LogicTree) -> Either Error ReadPlanTree -> Either Error ReadPlanTree
    addLogicTreeToNode = updateNode (\t (Node q@ReadPlan{from=fromTable, where_=lf} f) -> Node q{ReadPlan.where_=resolveLogicTree ctx{qi=fromTable} t:lf} f)

@@ -62,11 +62,12 @@ data PgrstResponse = PgrstResponse {

 actionResponse :: DbResult -> ApiRequest -> (Text, Text) -> AppConfig -> SchemaCache -> Schema -> Bool -> Either Error.Error PgrstResponse

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult WrappedReadPlan{pMedia, wrHdrsOnly=headersOnly, crudQi=identifier} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..},..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@WrappedReadPlan{pMedia, wrHdrsOnly=headersOnly, crudQi=identifier} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
    (status, contentRange) = RangeQuery.rangeStatusHeader iTopLevelRange rsQueryTotal rsTableTotal
-    cLHeader = if headersOnly then mempty else [contentLengthHeaderStrict rsBody]
-    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ Preferences Nothing Nothing preferCount preferTransaction Nothing preferHandling preferTimezone Nothing []
+    cLHeader = if headersOnly then mempty else [ contentLengthHeader bod ]
+    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
+
    headers =
      [ contentRange
      , ( "Content-Location"
@@ -87,12 +88,10 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult WrappedReadPlan{pMedia, wrHdrsOnly=headersOnly, cru

  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders bod

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationCreate, mrMutatePlan, pMedia, crudQi=QualifiedIdentifier{..}} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..}, ..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationCreate, pMedia, crudQi=QualifiedIdentifier{..}} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
-    pkCols = case mrMutatePlan of { Insert{insPkCols} -> insPkCols; _ -> mempty;}
-    prefHeader = prefAppliedHeader $
-      Preferences (if null pkCols && isNothing (qsOnConflict iQueryParams) then Nothing else preferResolution)
-      preferRepresentation preferCount preferTransaction preferMissing preferHandling preferTimezone Nothing []
+    prefHeader = prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
+
    headers =
      catMaybes
        [ if null rsLocation then
@@ -105,37 +104,39 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationCreate, mrMutateP
                  <> HTTP.renderSimpleQuery True rsLocation
              )
        , Just . RangeQuery.contentRangeH 1 0 $
-            if shouldCount preferCount then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
-        , Just $ contentLengthHeaderStrict rsBody
+            if shouldCount (preferCount iPreferences) then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
        , prefHeader ]

    isInsertIfGTZero i =
-        if i <= 0 && preferResolution == Just MergeDuplicates then
+        if i <= 0 && preferResolution iPreferences == Just MergeDuplicates then
          HTTP.status200
        else
          HTTP.status201
    status = maybe HTTP.status200 isInsertIfGTZero rsInserted
-    (headers', bod) = case preferRepresentation of
+    (headers', bod) = case preferRepresentation iPreferences of
      Just Full -> (headers ++ contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest, LBS.fromStrict rsBody)
      Just None -> (headers, mempty)
      Just HeadersOnly -> (headers, mempty)
      Nothing -> (headers, mempty)

-  (ovStatus, ovHeaders) <- overrideStatusHeaders rsGucStatus rsGucHeaders status headers'
+  (ovStatus, ovHeaders) <- overrideStatusHeaders rsGucStatus rsGucHeaders status $ contentLengthHeader bod:headers'

  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders bod

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationUpdate, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..}} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationUpdate, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
    contentRangeHeader =
      Just . RangeQuery.contentRangeH 0 (rsQueryTotal - 1) $
-        if shouldCount preferCount then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
-    prefHeader = prefAppliedHeader $ Preferences Nothing preferRepresentation preferCount preferTransaction preferMissing preferHandling preferTimezone preferMaxAffected []
+        if shouldCount (preferCount iPreferences) then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
+
+    prefHeader = prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
+
    headers = catMaybes [contentRangeHeader, prefHeader]
+    lbsBody = LBS.fromStrict rsBody

  let (status, headers', body) =
-        case preferRepresentation of
-          Just Full -> (HTTP.status200, headers ++ [contentLengthHeaderStrict rsBody] ++ contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest, LBS.fromStrict rsBody)
+        case preferRepresentation iPreferences of
+          Just Full -> (HTTP.status200, headers ++ [contentLengthHeader lbsBody] ++ contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest, lbsBody)
          Just None -> (HTTP.status204, headers, mempty)
          _         -> (HTTP.status204, headers, mempty)

@@ -143,31 +144,33 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationUpdate, pMedia} R

  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders body

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationSingleUpsert, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..}} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationSingleUpsert, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
-    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ Preferences Nothing preferRepresentation preferCount preferTransaction Nothing preferHandling preferTimezone Nothing []
-    cLHeader = [contentLengthHeaderStrict rsBody]
+    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
+    lbsBody = LBS.fromStrict rsBody
+    cLHeader = [contentLengthHeader lbsBody]
    cTHeader = contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest

  let isInsertIfGTZero i = if i > 0 then HTTP.status201 else HTTP.status200
      upsertStatus       = isInsertIfGTZero $ fromJust rsInserted
      (status, headers, body) =
-        case preferRepresentation of
-          Just Full -> (upsertStatus, cLHeader ++ cTHeader ++ prefHeader, LBS.fromStrict rsBody)
+        case preferRepresentation iPreferences of
+          Just Full -> (upsertStatus, cLHeader ++ cTHeader ++ prefHeader, lbsBody)
          Just None -> (HTTP.status204,  prefHeader, mempty)
          _ -> (HTTP.status204, prefHeader, mempty)
  (ovStatus, ovHeaders) <- overrideStatusHeaders rsGucStatus rsGucHeaders status headers

  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders body

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationDelete, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..}} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationDelete, pMedia} RSStandard{..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
-    contentRangeHeader = RangeQuery.contentRangeH 1 0 $ if shouldCount preferCount then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
-    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ Preferences Nothing preferRepresentation preferCount preferTransaction Nothing preferHandling preferTimezone preferMaxAffected []
+    contentRangeHeader = RangeQuery.contentRangeH 1 0 $ if shouldCount (preferCount iPreferences) then Just rsQueryTotal else Nothing
+    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
    headers = contentRangeHeader : prefHeader
+    lbsBody = LBS.fromStrict rsBody
    (status, headers', body) =
-        case preferRepresentation of
-            Just Full -> (HTTP.status200, headers ++ [contentLengthHeaderStrict rsBody] ++ contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest, LBS.fromStrict rsBody)
+        case preferRepresentation iPreferences of
+            Just Full -> (HTTP.status200, headers ++ [contentLengthHeader lbsBody] ++ contentTypeHeaders pMedia ctxApiRequest, lbsBody)
            Just None -> (HTTP.status204, headers, mempty)
            _ -> (HTTP.status204, headers, mempty)

@@ -175,7 +178,7 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationDelete, pMedia} R

  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders body

-actionResponse (DbCrudResult CallReadPlan{pMedia, crInvMthd=invMethod, crProc=proc} RSStandard {..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..},..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
+actionResponse (DbCrudResult plan@CallReadPlan{pMedia, crInvMthd=invMethod, crProc=proc} RSStandard {..}) ctxApiRequest@ApiRequest{..} _ _ _ _ _ = do
  let
    (status, contentRange) =
      RangeQuery.rangeStatusHeader iTopLevelRange rsQueryTotal rsTableTotal
@@ -184,8 +187,8 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult CallReadPlan{pMedia, crInvMthd=invMethod, crProc=pr
        $ Error.OutOfBounds (show $ RangeQuery.rangeOffset iTopLevelRange) (maybe "0" show rsTableTotal)
      else LBS.fromStrict rsBody
    isHeadMethod = invMethod == InvRead True
-    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ Preferences Nothing Nothing preferCount preferTransaction Nothing preferHandling preferTimezone preferMaxAffected []
-    cLHeader = if isHeadMethod then mempty else [contentLengthHeaderLazy rsOrErrBody]
+    prefHeader = maybeToList . prefAppliedHeader $ responsePreferences plan ctxApiRequest
+    cLHeader = if isHeadMethod then mempty else [contentLengthHeader rsOrErrBody]
    headers = contentRange : prefHeader
    (status', headers', body) =
        if Routine.funcReturnsVoid proc then
@@ -200,19 +203,20 @@ actionResponse (DbCrudResult CallReadPlan{pMedia, crInvMthd=invMethod, crProc=pr
  Right $ PgrstResponse ovStatus ovHeaders body

 actionResponse (DbPlanResult media plan) ctxApiRequest _ _ _ _ _ =
-  Right $ PgrstResponse HTTP.status200 (contentLengthHeaderStrict plan : contentTypeHeaders media ctxApiRequest) $ LBS.fromStrict plan
+  let body = LBS.fromStrict plan in
+  Right $ PgrstResponse HTTP.status200 (contentLengthHeader body : contentTypeHeaders media ctxApiRequest) body

 actionResponse (MaybeDbResult InspectPlan{ipHdrsOnly=headersOnly} body) _ versions conf sCache schema negotiatedByProfile =
  let
    rsBody = maybe mempty (\(x, y, z) -> if headersOnly then mempty else OpenAPI.encode versions conf sCache x y z) body
-    cLHeader = if headersOnly then mempty else [contentLengthHeaderLazy rsBody]
+    cLHeader = if headersOnly then mempty else [contentLengthHeader rsBody]
  in
  Right $ PgrstResponse HTTP.status200 (MediaType.toContentType MTOpenAPI : cLHeader ++ maybeToList (profileHeader schema negotiatedByProfile)) rsBody

-actionResponse (NoDbResult (RelInfoPlan qi@QualifiedIdentifier{..})) _ _ _ SchemaCache{dbTables} _ _ =
+actionResponse (NoDbResult (RelInfoPlan qi@QualifiedIdentifier{..})) _ _ _ sc@SchemaCache{dbTables} _ _ =
  case HM.lookup qi dbTables of
    Just tbl -> respondInfo $ allowH tbl
-    Nothing  -> Left $ Error.SchemaCacheErr $ Error.TableNotFound qiSchema qiName (HM.elems dbTables)
+    Nothing  -> Left $ Error.SchemaCacheErr $ Error.TableNotFound qiSchema qiName sc
  where
    allowH table =
      let hasPK = not . null $ tablePKCols table in
@@ -232,7 +236,7 @@ actionResponse (NoDbResult SchemaInfoPlan) _ _ _ _ _ _ = respondInfo "OPTIONS,GE
 respondInfo :: ByteString -> Either Error.Error PgrstResponse
 respondInfo allowHeader =
  let allOrigins = ("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*") in
-  Right $ PgrstResponse HTTP.status200 [contentLengthHeaderStrict mempty, allOrigins, (HTTP.hAllow, allowHeader)] mempty
+  Right $ PgrstResponse HTTP.status200 [contentLengthHeader mempty, allOrigins, (HTTP.hAllow, allowHeader)] mempty

 -- Status and headers can be overridden as per https://postgrest.org/en/stable/references/transactions.html#response-headers
 overrideStatusHeaders :: Maybe Text -> Maybe BS.ByteString -> HTTP.Status -> [HTTP.Header]-> Either Error.Error (HTTP.Status, [HTTP.Header])
@@ -249,14 +253,8 @@ decodeGucStatus :: Maybe Text -> Either Error.Error (Maybe HTTP.Status)
 decodeGucStatus =
  maybe (Right Nothing) $ first (const . Error.ApiRequestError $ Error.GucStatusError) . fmap (Just . toEnum . fst) . decimal

-contentLengthHeader :: Show b => (a -> b) -> a -> HTTP.Header
-contentLengthHeader lenFn body = ("Content-Length", show (lenFn body))
-
-contentLengthHeaderStrict :: BS.ByteString -> HTTP.Header
-contentLengthHeaderStrict = contentLengthHeader BS.length
-
-contentLengthHeaderLazy :: LBS.ByteString -> HTTP.Header
-contentLengthHeaderLazy = contentLengthHeader LBS.length
+contentLengthHeader :: LBS.ByteString -> HTTP.Header
+contentLengthHeader body = ("Content-Length", show (LBS.length body))

 contentTypeHeaders :: MediaType -> ApiRequest -> [HTTP.Header]
 contentTypeHeaders mediaType ApiRequest{..} =
@@ -274,3 +272,31 @@ addHeadersIfNotIncluded :: [HTTP.Header] -> [HTTP.Header] -> [HTTP.Header]
 addHeadersIfNotIncluded newHeaders initialHeaders =
  filter (\(nk, _) -> isNothing $ find (\(ik, _) -> ik == nk) initialHeaders) newHeaders ++
  initialHeaders
+
+-- | Get Preferences for Preference-Applied header per plan
+responsePreferences :: CrudPlan -> ApiRequest -> Preferences
+responsePreferences plan ApiRequest{iPreferences=Preferences{..}, iQueryParams=QueryParams{..}} =
+  let
+    -- Only returned on Inserts
+    preferResolution' = case plan of
+      MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationCreate, mrMutatePlan} ->
+        let pkCols = case mrMutatePlan of { Insert{insPkCols} -> insPkCols ; _ -> mempty; }
+        in (if null pkCols && isNothing qsOnConflict then Nothing else preferResolution)
+      _ -> Nothing
+
+    preferRepresentation' = case plan of
+      MutateReadPlan{} -> preferRepresentation
+      _                -> Nothing
+
+    preferMissing' = case plan of
+      MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationCreate} -> preferMissing
+      MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationUpdate} -> preferMissing
+      _                                         -> Nothing
+
+    preferMaxAffected' = case plan of
+      MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationUpdate} -> preferMaxAffected
+      MutateReadPlan{mrMutation=MutationDelete} -> preferMaxAffected
+      CallReadPlan{}                            -> preferMaxAffected
+      _                                         -> Nothing
+
+    in Preferences preferResolution' preferRepresentation' preferCount preferTransaction preferMissing' preferHandling preferTimezone preferMaxAffected' []
@@ -73,6 +73,12 @@ toSwaggerType colType             = case T.takeEnd 2 colType of
  "[]" -> Just SwaggerArray
  _    -> Just SwaggerString

+toSwaggerFormat :: Text -> Maybe Text
+toSwaggerFormat "smallint" = Just "int32"
+toSwaggerFormat "integer"  = Just "int32"
+toSwaggerFormat "bigint"   = Just "int64"
+toSwaggerFormat colType    = Just colType
+
 typeFromArray :: Text -> Text
 typeFromArray = T.dropEnd 2

@@ -141,7 +147,7 @@ makeProperty tbl rels col = (colName col, Inline s)
        & default_ .~ (JSON.decode . toUtf8Lazy . parseDefault (colType col) =<< colDefault col)
        & description .~ d
        & enum_ .~ e
-        & format ?~ colType col
+        & format .~ toSwaggerFormat (colType col)
        & maxLength .~ (fromIntegral <$> colMaxLen col)
        & type_ .~ toSwaggerType (colType col)
        & items .~ (SwaggerItemsObject <$> makePropertyItems (colType col))
@@ -160,7 +166,7 @@ makeProcProperty (RoutineParam n t _ _ _) = (n, Inline s)
    s = (mempty :: Schema)
          & type_ .~ toSwaggerType t
          & items .~ (SwaggerItemsObject <$> makePropertyItems t)
-          & format ?~ t
+          & format .~ toSwaggerFormat t

 makePreferParam :: [Text] -> Param
 makePreferParam ts =
@@ -192,14 +198,14 @@ makeProcGetParam (RoutineParam n t _ r v) =
    baseSchema = (mempty :: ParamOtherSchema)
      & in_ .~ ParamQuery
    schemaNotMulti = baseSchema
-      & format ?~ t
+      & format .~ toSwaggerFormat t
      & type_ ?~ toParamType (toSwaggerType t)
    schemaMulti = baseSchema
      & type_ ?~ fromMaybe SwaggerString (toSwaggerType t)
      & items ?~ SwaggerItemsPrimitive (Just CollectionMulti)
        ((mempty :: ParamSchema x)
          & type_ .~ toSwaggerTypeFromArray t
-          & format ?~ typeFromArray t)
+          & format .~ toSwaggerFormat (typeFromArray t))
    toParamType paramType = case paramType of
      -- Array uses {} in query params
      Just SwaggerArray -> SwaggerString
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE NumericUnderscores #-}
 module PostgREST.Response.Performance
  ( ServerTiming (..)
  , serverTimingHeader
@@ -24,12 +23,12 @@ data ServerTiming =
 -- The duration precision is milliseconds, per the docs
 --
 -- >>> serverTimingHeader ServerTiming { plan=Just 0.1, transaction=Just 0.2, response=Just 0.3, jwt=Just 0.4, parse=Just 0.5}
-- ("Server-Timing","jwt;dur=400.0, parse;dur=500.0, plan;dur=100.0, transaction;dur=200.0, response;dur=300.0")
+-- ("Server-Timing","jwt;dur=0.4, parse;dur=0.5, plan;dur=0.1, transaction;dur=0.2, response;dur=0.3")
 serverTimingHeader :: ServerTiming -> HTTP.Header
 serverTimingHeader timing =
  ("Server-Timing", renderTiming)
  where
-    renderMetric metric = maybe "" (\dur -> BS.concat [metric, BS.pack $ ";dur=" <> showFFloat (Just 1) (dur * 1_000) ""])
+    renderMetric metric = maybe "" (\dur -> BS.concat [metric, BS.pack $ ";dur=" <> showFFloat (Just 1) dur ""])
    renderTiming = BS.intercalate ", " $ (\(k, v) -> renderMetric k (v timing)) <$>
      [ ("jwt", jwt)
      , ("parse", parse)
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ These queries are executed once at startup or when PostgREST is reloaded.

 module PostgREST.SchemaCache
  ( SchemaCache(..)
+  , TablesFuzzyIndex
  , querySchemaCache
  , showSummary
  , decodeFuncs
@@ -66,21 +67,28 @@ import PostgREST.SchemaCache.Table           (Column (..), ColumnMap,

 import qualified PostgREST.MediaType as MediaType

-import Control.Arrow    ((&&&))
-import Protolude
-import System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
+import           Control.Arrow    ((&&&))
+import qualified Data.FuzzySet    as Fuzzy
+import           Protolude
+import           System.IO.Unsafe (unsafePerformIO)
+
+type TablesFuzzyIndex = HM.HashMap Schema Fuzzy.FuzzySet

 data SchemaCache = SchemaCache
-  { dbTables          :: TablesMap
-  , dbRelationships   :: RelationshipsMap
-  , dbRoutines        :: RoutineMap
-  , dbRepresentations :: RepresentationsMap
-  , dbMediaHandlers   :: MediaHandlerMap
-  , dbTimezones       :: TimezoneNames
-  }
+  { dbTables           :: TablesMap
+  , dbRelationships    :: RelationshipsMap
+  , dbRoutines         :: RoutineMap
+  , dbRepresentations  :: RepresentationsMap
+  , dbMediaHandlers    :: MediaHandlerMap
+  , dbTimezones        :: TimezoneNames
+  -- Memoized fuzzy index of table names per schema to support approximate matching
+  -- Since index construction can be expensive, we build it once and store in the SchemaCache
+  -- Haskell lazy evaluation ensures it's only built on first use and memoized afterwards
+  , dbTablesFuzzyIndex :: TablesFuzzyIndex
+  } deriving (Show)

 instance JSON.ToJSON SchemaCache where
-  toJSON (SchemaCache tabs rels routs reps hdlers tzs) = JSON.object [
+  toJSON (SchemaCache tabs rels routs reps hdlers tzs _) = JSON.object [
      "dbTables"          .= JSON.toJSON tabs
    , "dbRelationships"   .= JSON.toJSON rels
    , "dbRoutines"        .= JSON.toJSON routs
@@ -90,7 +98,7 @@ instance JSON.ToJSON SchemaCache where
    ]

 showSummary :: SchemaCache -> Text
-showSummary (SchemaCache tbls rels routs reps mediaHdlrs tzs) =
+showSummary (SchemaCache tbls rels routs reps mediaHdlrs tzs _) =
  T.intercalate ", "
  [ show (HM.size tbls)       <> " Relations"
  , show (HM.size rels)       <> " Relationships"
@@ -138,6 +146,8 @@ data KeyDep
 -- | A SQL query that can be executed independently
 type SqlQuery = ByteString

+maxDbTablesForFuzzySearch :: Int
+maxDbTablesForFuzzySearch = 500

 querySchemaCache :: AppConfig -> SQL.Transaction SchemaCache
 querySchemaCache conf@AppConfig{..} = do
@@ -166,6 +176,11 @@ querySchemaCache conf@AppConfig{..} = do
    , dbRepresentations = reps
    , dbMediaHandlers = HM.union mHdlers initialMediaHandlers -- the custom handlers will override the initial ones
    , dbTimezones = tzones
+
+    , dbTablesFuzzyIndex =
+        -- Only build fuzzy index for schemas with a reasonable number of tables
+        -- Fuzzy.FuzzySet is memory heavy we just don't use it for large schemas
+        Fuzzy.fromList <$> HM.filter ((< maxDbTablesForFuzzySearch) . length) (HM.fromListWith (<>) ((qiSchema &&& pure . qiName) <$> HM.keys tabsWViewsPks))
    }
  where
    schemas = toList configDbSchemas
@@ -203,6 +218,7 @@ removeInternal schemas dbStruct =
    , dbRepresentations = dbRepresentations dbStruct -- no need to filter, not directly exposed through the API
    , dbMediaHandlers   = dbMediaHandlers dbStruct
    , dbTimezones       = dbTimezones dbStruct
+    , dbTablesFuzzyIndex = dbTablesFuzzyIndex dbStruct
    }
  where
    hasInternalJunction ComputedRelationship{} = False
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ data RoutineParam = RoutineParam
 instance Ord Routine where
  Function schema1 name1 des1 prms1 rt1 vol1 hasVar1 iso1 sets1 `compare` Function schema2 name2 des2 prms2 rt2 vol2 hasVar2 iso2 sets2
    | schema1 == schema2 && name1 == name2 && length prms1 < length prms2  = LT
-    | schema2 == schema2 && name1 == name2 && length prms1 > length prms2  = GT
+    | schema1 == schema2 && name1 == name2 && length prms1 > length prms2  = GT
    | otherwise = (schema1, name1, des1, prms1, rt1, vol1, hasVar1, iso1, sets1) `compare` (schema2, name2, des2, prms2, rt2, vol2, hasVar2, iso2, sets2)

 -- | A map of all procs, all of which can be overloaded(one entry will have more than one Routine).
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+module PostgREST.TimeIt
+  ( timeItT
+  ) where
+
+import GHC.Clock
+import Protolude
+
+{-
+ - The signature is the same as https://hackage.haskell.org/package/timeit-2.0/docs/src/System-TimeIt.html#timeIt,
+ - we vendor this functionality because it gave errors as shown on https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/4522 plus
+ - the function is small enough. This vendored function is different in that the result is in milliseconds.
+ -}
+timeItT :: MonadIO m => m a -> m (Double, a)
+timeItT p = do
+  s <- liftIO getMonotonicTime
+  x <- p
+  e <- liftIO getMonotonicTime
+  let time = (e - s) * 1000
+  return (time, x)
+
@@ -11,26 +11,27 @@ import qualified System.Posix.Signals as Signals
 import System.Posix.Types       (FileMode)
 import System.PosixCompat.Files (setFileMode)

-import           Data.String      (String)
-import qualified Network.Socket   as NS
+import           Data.String           (String)
+import qualified Network.Socket        as NS
+import qualified PostgREST.Observation as Observation
 import           Protolude
-import           System.Directory (removeFile)
-import           System.IO.Error  (isDoesNotExistError)
+import           System.Directory      (removeFile)
+import           System.IO.Error       (isDoesNotExistError)

 -- | Set signal handlers, only for systems with signals
-installSignalHandlers :: ThreadId -> IO () -> IO () -> IO ()
+installSignalHandlers :: Observation.ObservationHandler -> ThreadId -> IO () -> IO () -> IO ()
 #ifndef mingw32_HOST_OS
-installSignalHandlers tid usr1 usr2 = do
+installSignalHandlers observer tid usr1 usr2 = do
  let interrupt = throwTo tid UserInterrupt
-  install Signals.sigINT interrupt
-  install Signals.sigTERM interrupt
+  install Signals.sigINT  $ observer (Observation.TerminationUnixSignalObs "SIGINT") >> interrupt
+  install Signals.sigTERM $ observer (Observation.TerminationUnixSignalObs "SIGTERM") >> interrupt
  install Signals.sigUSR1 usr1
  install Signals.sigUSR2 usr2
  where
    install signal handler =
      void $ Signals.installHandler signal (Signals.Catch handler) Nothing
 #else
-installSignalHandlers _ _ _ = pass
+installSignalHandlers _ _ _ _ = pass
 #endif

 -- | Create a unix domain socket and bind it to the given path.
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+</svg>
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
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+        relCons: fk_director
+        tag: O2M
+      relFTableIsView: false
+      relForeignTable:
+        qiName: films
+        qiSchema: public
+      relIsSelf: false
+      relTable:
+        qiName: directors
+        qiSchema: public
+      relTableIsView: false
+      tag: Relationship
+
+- - - qiName: films
+      qiSchema: public
+    - public
+  - - relCardinality:
+        relColumns:
+        - - director_id
+          - id
+        relCons: fk_director
+        tag: M2O
+      relFTableIsView: false
+      relForeignTable:
+        qiName: directors
+        qiSchema: public
+      relIsSelf: false
+      relTable:
+        qiName: films
+        qiSchema: public
+      relTableIsView: false
+      tag: Relationship
@@ -106,6 +106,23 @@
      pdSchema: public
      pdVolatility: Volatile

+- - qiName: notify_pgrst
+    qiSchema: public
+  - - pdDescription: null
+      pdFuncSettings: []
+      pdHasVariadic: false
+      pdName: notify_pgrst
+      pdParams: []
+      pdReturnType:
+        contents:
+          contents:
+            qiName: void
+            qiSchema: pg_catalog
+          tag: Scalar
+        tag: Single
+      pdSchema: public
+      pdVolatility: Volatile
+
 - - qiName: migrate_function
    qiSchema: public
  - - pdDescription: null
@@ -71,6 +71,37 @@
    tableSchema: public
    tableUpdatable: true

+- - qiName: directors
+    qiSchema: public
+  - tableColumns:
+      id:
+        colDefault: null
+        colDescription: null
+        colEnum: []
+        colMaxLen: null
+        colName: id
+        colNominalType: integer
+        colNullable: false
+        colType: integer
+      name:
+        colDefault: null
+        colDescription: null
+        colEnum: []
+        colMaxLen: null
+        colName: name
+        colNominalType: text
+        colNullable: true
+        colType: text
+    tableDeletable: true
+    tableDescription: null
+    tableInsertable: true
+    tableIsView: false
+    tableName: directors
+    tablePKCols:
+    - id
+    tableSchema: public
+    tableUpdatable: true
+
 - - qiName: projects
    qiSchema: public
  - tableColumns: {}
@@ -95,6 +126,46 @@
    tableSchema: public
    tableUpdatable: false

+- - qiName: films
+    qiSchema: public
+  - tableColumns:
+      director_id:
+        colDefault: null
+        colDescription: null
+        colEnum: []
+        colMaxLen: null
+        colName: director_id
+        colNominalType: integer
+        colNullable: true
+        colType: integer
+      id:
+        colDefault: null
+        colDescription: null
+        colEnum: []
+        colMaxLen: null
+        colName: id
+        colNominalType: integer
+        colNullable: false
+        colType: integer
+      title:
+        colDefault: null
+        colDescription: null
+        colEnum: []
+        colMaxLen: null
+        colName: title
+        colNominalType: text
+        colNullable: true
+        colType: text
+    tableDeletable: true
+    tableDescription: null
+    tableInsertable: true
+    tableIsView: false
+    tableName: films
+    tablePKCols:
+    - id
+    tableSchema: public
+    tableUpdatable: true
+
 - - qiName: items
    qiSchema: public
  - tableColumns:
@@ -7,7 +7,9 @@ import yaml

 BASEDIR = pathlib.Path(os.path.realpath(__file__)).parent
 CONFIGSDIR = BASEDIR / "configs"
-FIXTURES = yaml.load((BASEDIR / "fixtures.yaml").read_text(), Loader=yaml.Loader)
+FIXTURES = yaml.load(
+    (BASEDIR / "fixtures/fixtures.yaml").read_text(), Loader=yaml.Loader
+)
 POSTGREST_BIN = shutil.which("postgrest")
 SECRET = "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe"

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ We use it to test our metadata generation because it contains a good amount of d

 Custom roles and privileges were removed.

-postgrest-with-postgresql-14 -f test/io/big_schema.sql psql
+postgrest-with-pg-14 -f test/io/big_schema.sql psql

 Has 12 functions:

@@ -11375,12 +11375,34 @@ ALTER TABLE ONLY apflora.zielber

 ALTER TABLE apflora."user" ENABLE ROW LEVEL SECURITY;

+
+CREATE SCHEMA fuzzysearch;
+
+-- Create many tables to test fuzzy string search
+-- computing hints for non existing tables
+DO
+$$
+DECLARE
+  r record;
+BEGIN
+  FOR r IN
+    SELECT
+      format('CREATE TABLE fuzzysearch.unknown_table_%s ()', n) AS ct
+    FROM
+      generate_series(1, 499) n
+    LOOP
+      EXECUTE r.ct;
+    END LOOP;
+END
+$$;
+
 DROP ROLE IF EXISTS postgrest_test_anonymous;
 CREATE ROLE postgrest_test_anonymous;

 GRANT postgrest_test_anonymous TO :PGUSER;

 GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA apflora TO postgrest_test_anonymous;
+GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA fuzzysearch TO postgrest_test_anonymous;

 GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA apflora
 TO postgrest_test_anonymous;
@@ -260,3 +260,41 @@ select * from infinite_recursion;
 create or replace function "true"() returns boolean as $_$
  select true;
 $_$ language sql;
+
+create or replace function notify_pgrst() returns void as $$
+  notify pgrst;
+$$ language sql;
+
+-- directors and films table can be used for resource embedding tests
+create table directors (
+  id int primary key,
+  name text
+);
+
+create table films (
+  id int primary key,
+  title text,
+  director_id int,
+
+  constraint fk_director
+    foreign key (director_id) references directors (id)
+    on update cascade
+    on delete cascade
+);
+
+-- data to test resource embedding
+truncate table directors cascade;
+insert into directors
+values (1, 'quentin tarantino'),
+       (2, 'christopher nolan'),
+       (3, 'yorgos lathinmos');
+
+truncate table films cascade;
+insert into films
+values (1, 'pulp fiction', 1),
+       (2, 'intersteller',2),
+       (3, 'dogtooth',3),
+       (4, 'reservoir dogs', 1);
+
+
+GRANT SELECT ON directors, films TO postgrest_test_anonymous, postgrest_test_w_superuser_settings;
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ def run(
            env["PGRST_SERVER_UNIX_SOCKET"] = str(socketfile)
            baseurl = "http+unix://" + urllib.parse.quote_plus(str(socketfile))

-        adminport = freeport(port)
+        adminport = freeport(used_ports=[port])
        env["PGRST_ADMIN_SERVER_PORT"] = str(adminport)
        adminhost = f"[{host}]" if host and is_ipv6(host) else localhost
        adminurl = f"http://{adminhost}:{adminport}"
@@ -165,14 +165,14 @@ def run(
                process.wait()


-def freeport(used_port=None):
-    "Find a free port on localhost."
+def freeport(used_ports=None):
+    "Find an unused free port on localhost."
    while True:
        with contextlib.closing(socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)) as s:
            s.bind(("", 0))
            s.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
            port = s.getsockname()[1]
-            if port != used_port:
+            if used_ports is None or port not in used_ports:
                return port


@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+"Auth related IO tests for PostgREST"
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from operator import attrgetter
+import signal
+import time
+import pytest
+
+from config import BASEDIR, CONFIGSDIR, FIXTURES, SECRET
+from util import authheader, jwtauthheader, parse_server_timings_header
+from postgrest import (
+    run,
+    sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload,
+    sleep_until_postgrest_scache_reload,
+    wait_until_exit,
+)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "secretpath",
+    [path for path in (BASEDIR / "secrets").iterdir() if path.suffix != ".jwt"],
+    ids=attrgetter("name"),
+)
+def test_read_secret_from_file(secretpath, defaultenv):
+    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from a file."
+
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{secretpath}"}
+
+    if secretpath.suffix == ".b64":
+        env["PGRST_JWT_SECRET_IS_BASE64"] = "true"
+
+    secret = secretpath.read_bytes()
+    headers = authheader(secretpath.with_suffix(".jwt").read_text())
+
+    with run(stdin=secret, env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        print(response.text)
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+
+def test_read_secret_from_stdin(defaultenv):
+    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from stdin."
+
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false", "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": "@/dev/stdin"}
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    with run(stdin=SECRET.encode(), env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        print(response.text)
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+
+# TODO: This test would fail right now, because of
+# https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/2126
+@pytest.mark.skip
+def test_read_secret_from_stdin_dbconfig(defaultenv):
+    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from stdin with db-config=true."
+
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "true", "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": "@/dev/stdin"}
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    with run(stdin=SECRET.encode(), env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        print(response.text)
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+
+def test_jwt_errors(defaultenv):
+    "invalid JWT should throw error"
+
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET, "PGRST_JWT_AUD": "io tests"}
+
+    def relativeSeconds(sec):
+        return int((datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=sec)).timestamp())
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        headers = jwtauthheader({}, "other secret")
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "No suitable key or wrong key type"
+        assert (
+            response.json()["details"] == "None of the keys was able to decode the JWT"
+        )
+
+        headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "not_existing"}, SECRET)
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == 'role "not_existing" does not exist'
+
+        # -35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 30 seconds
+        headers = jwtauthheader({"exp": relativeSeconds(-35)}, SECRET)
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT expired"
+
+        # 35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 30 seconds
+        headers = jwtauthheader({"nbf": relativeSeconds(35)}, SECRET)
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT not yet valid"
+
+        # 35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 35 seconds
+        headers = jwtauthheader({"iat": relativeSeconds(35)}, SECRET)
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT issued at future"
+
+        headers = jwtauthheader({"aud": "not set"}, SECRET)
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT not in audience"
+
+        # partial token, no signature
+        headers = authheader("eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.bm90IGFuIG9iamVjdA")
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "Expected 3 parts in JWT; got 2"
+
+        # complete token but random characters
+        headers = authheader("quifquirndsjagnrgniur.fonvoienqhhdj.iuqvnvhojah")
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT cryptographic operation failed"
+
+        # token with algorithm "none"
+        headers = authheader(
+            "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.e30.yOBhlOIqn56T-4NvyEXCjfi3UmyQZ-BzXtePMO2NgRI"
+        )
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "Wrong or unsupported encoding algorithm"
+        assert (
+            response.json()["details"]
+            == "JWT is unsecured but expected 'alg' was not 'none'"
+        )
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+    }
+
+    # for code coverage with cache enabled and server-timing enabled
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only")
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "permission denied for table authors_only"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "false",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+    }
+
+    # for code coverage with cache enabled and server-timing disabled
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only")
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+        assert response.json()["message"] == "permission denied for table authors_only"
+
+
+def test_fail_with_invalid_password(defaultenv):
+    "Connecting with an invalid password should fail without retries."
+    uri = f'postgresql://?dbname={defaultenv["PGDATABASE"]}&host={defaultenv["PGHOST"]}&user=some_protected_user&password=invalid_pass'
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_URI": uri}
+    with run(env=env, wait_for_readiness=False) as postgrest:
+        exitCode = wait_until_exit(postgrest)
+        assert exitCode == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "roleclaim", FIXTURES["roleclaims"], ids=lambda claim: claim["key"]
+)
+def test_role_claim_key(roleclaim, defaultenv):
+    "Authorization should depend on a correct role-claim-key and JWT claim."
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_JWT_ROLE_CLAIM_KEY": roleclaim["key"],
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+    }
+    headers = jwtauthheader(roleclaim["data"], SECRET)
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == roleclaim["expected_status"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "jwtaudroleclaim",
+    FIXTURES["jwtaudroleclaims"],
+    ids=lambda claim: claim["key"] + "_" + str(claim["expected_status"]),
+)
+def test_jwt_aud_in_role_claim_key(jwtaudroleclaim, defaultenv):
+    "Allows authorization with JWT aud claim in role-claim-key"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_JWT_AUD": "postgrest_test_author",
+        "PGRST_JWT_ROLE_CLAIM_KEY": jwtaudroleclaim["key"],
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+    }
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader(jwtaudroleclaim["data"], SECRET)
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == jwtaudroleclaim["expected_status"]
+
+
+def test_iat_claim(defaultenv):
+    """
+    A claim with an 'iat' (issued at) attribute should be successful.
+
+    The PostgREST time cache leads to issues here, see:
+    https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/1139
+
+    """
+
+    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET}
+
+    claim = {"role": "postgrest_test_author", "iat": datetime.now(timezone.utc)}
+    headers = jwtauthheader(claim, SECRET)
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        for _ in range(10):
+            response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+            assert response.status_code == 200
+
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+
+def test_jwt_secret_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
+    "JWT secret should be reloaded from file when PostgREST is sent SIGUSR2."
+    config = (CONFIGSDIR / "sigusr2-settings.config").read_text()
+    configfile = tmp_path / "test.config"
+    configfile.write_text(config)
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    with run(configfile, env=defaultenv) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+
+        # change setting
+        configfile.write_text(config.replace("invalid" * 5, SECRET))
+
+        # reload config
+        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR2)
+
+        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+
+def test_jwt_secret_external_file_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
+    "JWT secret external file should be reloaded when PostgREST is sent a SIGUSR2 or a NOTIFY."
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    external_secret_file = tmp_path / "jwt-secret-config"
+    external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{external_secret_file}",
+        "PGRST_DB_CHANNEL_ENABLED": "true",
+        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
+        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",  # required for NOTIFY
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+
+        # change external file
+        external_secret_file.write_text(SECRET)
+
+        # SIGUSR1 doesn't reload external files, at least when db-config=false
+        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR1)
+        sleep_until_postgrest_scache_reload()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+
+        # reload config and external file with SIGUSR2
+        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR2)
+        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+        # change external file to wrong value again
+        external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
+
+        # reload config and external file with NOTIFY
+        response = postgrest.session.post("/rpc/reload_pgrst_config")
+        assert response.text == ""
+        assert response.status_code == 204
+        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
+
+
+# TODO: This test is more related to observability than authentication.
+#       So, move it an appropriate test module.
+def test_jwt_cache_server_timing(defaultenv):
+    "server-timing duration is exposed for JWT with expiry"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
+    }
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader(
+        {
+            "role": "postgrest_test_author",
+            "exp": int(
+                (datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=30)).timestamp()
+            ),
+        },
+        SECRET,
+    )
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+
+        assert first.status_code == 200
+        assert second.status_code == 200
+
+        first_dur = parse_server_timings_header(first.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
+        second_dur = parse_server_timings_header(second.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
+
+        # with jwt caching the parse time of second request with the same token
+        # should be at least as fast as the first one
+        assert second_dur <= first_dur
+
+
+def test_jwt_cache_without_server_timing(defaultenv):
+    "JWT cache does not break requests with server-timing disabled"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "false",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
+    }
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+
+        assert first.status_code == 200
+        assert second.status_code == 200
+
+
+def test_jwt_cache_without_exp_claim(defaultenv):
+    "server-timing duration is exposed for JWT without expiry"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
+        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
+    }
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)  # no exp
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+
+        assert first.status_code == 200
+        assert second.status_code == 200
+
+        first_dur = parse_server_timings_header(first.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
+        second_dur = parse_server_timings_header(second.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
+
+        assert first_dur >= 0
+        assert second_dur >= 0
+
+
+def test_invalidate_jwt_cache_when_secret_changes(tmp_path, defaultenv):
+    "JWT cache should be emptied after jwt-secret is changed in a config reload"
+
+    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
+
+    external_secret_file = tmp_path / "jwt-secret-config"
+    external_secret_file.write_text(SECRET)
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{external_secret_file}",
+        "PGRST_DB_CHANNEL_ENABLED": "true",
+        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",  # enable cache
+        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",  # required for NOTIFY
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 200  # jwt gets cached
+
+        # change external file
+        external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
+
+        # reload config and external file with NOTIFY
+        # jwt-cache should get empty
+        response = postgrest.session.post("/rpc/reload_pgrst_config")
+        assert response.text == ""
+        assert response.status_code == 204
+        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
+
+        # now the request should fail because the cached token is removed
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
+        assert response.status_code == 401
@@ -3,62 +3,11 @@
 import re

 import pytest
+import requests

 from postgrest import run


-def test_requests_with_resource_embedding_wait_for_schema_cache_reload(defaultenv):
-    "requests that use the schema cache with resource embedding wait long for the schema cache to reload"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS": "apflora",
-        "PGRST_DB_POOL": "2",
-        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",
-        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_RELATIONSHIP_LOAD_SLEEP": "5100",
-    }
-
-    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30) as postgrest:
-        # reload the schema cache
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/rpc/notify_pgrst")
-        assert response.status_code == 204
-
-        postgrest.wait_until_scache_starts_loading()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/tpopmassn?select=*,tpop(*)")
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-        assert response.elapsed.total_seconds() > 5
-
-
-def test_requests_without_resource_embedding_wait_for_schema_cache_reload(defaultenv):
-    "requests that use the schema cache without resource embedding wait less for the schema cache to reload"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS": "apflora",
-        "PGRST_DB_POOL": "2",
-        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",
-        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_LOAD_SLEEP": "1100",
-        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_RELATIONSHIP_LOAD_SLEEP": "5000",
-    }
-
-    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30) as postgrest:
-        # reload the schema cache
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/rpc/notify_pgrst")
-        assert response.status_code == 204
-
-        postgrest.wait_until_scache_starts_loading()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/tpopmassn")
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-        assert (
-            response.elapsed.total_seconds() > 1
-            and response.elapsed.total_seconds() < 5
-        )
-
-
 def test_schema_cache_load_max_duration(defaultenv):
    "schema cache load should not surpass a max_duration of elapsed milliseconds"

@@ -106,6 +55,33 @@ def test_openapi_in_big_schema(defaultenv):
        assert response.status_code == 200


+@pytest.mark.parametrize("level", ["crit", "error", "warn", "info", "debug"])
+def test_stackoverflow_is_logged(level, defaultenv):
+    "Stack overflow should be logged with the Warp message only on log-level=debug"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS": "apflora",
+        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",
+        "PGRST_LOG_LEVEL": level,
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30, no_startup_stdout=False) as postgrest:
+        with pytest.raises(requests.exceptions.ConnectionError):
+            postgrest.session.get("/")
+
+        output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=10)
+        for _ in range(3):
+            output.extend(postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=10))
+
+        found = any("Warp server: stack overflow" in line for line in output)
+
+        if level == "debug":
+            assert found
+        else:
+            assert not found
+
+
 # See: https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/3329
 def test_should_not_fail_with_stack_overflow(defaultenv):
    "requesting a non-existent relationship should not fail with stack overflow due to fuzzy search of candidates"
@@ -122,3 +98,23 @@ def test_should_not_fail_with_stack_overflow(defaultenv):
        assert response.status_code == 404
        data = response.json()
        assert data["code"] == "PGRST205"
+
+
+def test_second_request_for_non_existent_table_should_be_quick(defaultenv):
+    "requesting a non-existent relationship should be quick after the fuzzy search index is loaded (2nd request)"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS": "fuzzysearch",
+        "PGRST_DB_POOL": "2",
+        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/unknown-table")
+        assert response.status_code == 404
+        data = response.json()
+        assert data["code"] == "PGRST205"
+        first_duration = response.elapsed.total_seconds()
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/unknown-table")
+        assert response.elapsed.total_seconds() < first_duration / 2
@@ -286,6 +286,7 @@ def test_jwt_secret_min_length(defaultenv):
    assert "The JWT secret must be at least 32 characters long." in error


+# TODO: Improve readability of "--ready" healthcheck tests
@pytest.mark.parametrize("host", ["127.0.0.1", "::1"], ids=["IPv4", "IPv6"])
 def test_cli_ready_flag_success(host, defaultenv):
    "test PostgREST ready flag succeeds when ready"
@@ -340,8 +341,11 @@ def test_cli_ready_flag_fail_with_http_exception(defaultenv):

    # when healthcheck process sends the request to a wrong endpoint
    with run(env=defaultenv, port=port) as postgrest:
-        # we set it to some freeport where admin is not running
-        postgrest.config["PGRST_ADMIN_SERVER_PORT"] = str(freeport())
+        # we set it to some freeport where server and admin server is not running
+        admin_port = int(postgrest.config["PGRST_ADMIN_SERVER_PORT"])
+        used_ports = [port, admin_port]
+
+        postgrest.config["PGRST_ADMIN_SERVER_PORT"] = str(freeport(used_ports))
        output = cli(["--ready"], env=postgrest.config, expect_error=True)
        (admin_host, admin_port) = get_admin_host_and_port_from_config(postgrest.config)

@@ -1,15 +1,13 @@
 "Unit tests for Input/Ouput of PostgREST seen as a black box."

-from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
-from operator import attrgetter
 import os
 import re
 import signal
 import time
 import pytest

-from config import BASEDIR, CONFIGSDIR, FIXTURES, SECRET
-from util import Thread, authheader, jwtauthheader, parse_server_timings_header
+from config import CONFIGSDIR, FIXTURES, SECRET
+from util import Thread, jwtauthheader, parse_server_timings_header
 from postgrest import (
    freeport,
    is_ipv6,
@@ -23,161 +21,18 @@ from postgrest import (
 )


-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "secretpath",
-    [path for path in (BASEDIR / "secrets").iterdir() if path.suffix != ".jwt"],
-    ids=attrgetter("name"),
-)
-def test_read_secret_from_file(secretpath, defaultenv):
-    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from a file."
-
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{secretpath}"}
-
-    if secretpath.suffix == ".b64":
-        env["PGRST_JWT_SECRET_IS_BASE64"] = "true"
-
-    secret = secretpath.read_bytes()
-    headers = authheader(secretpath.with_suffix(".jwt").read_text())
-
-    with run(stdin=secret, env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        print(response.text)
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
-def test_read_secret_from_stdin(defaultenv):
-    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from stdin."
-
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false", "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": "@/dev/stdin"}
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    with run(stdin=SECRET.encode(), env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        print(response.text)
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
-# TODO: This test would fail right now, because of
-# https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/2126
-@pytest.mark.skip
-def test_read_secret_from_stdin_dbconfig(defaultenv):
-    "Authorization should succeed when the secret is read from stdin with db-config=true."
-
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "true", "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": "@/dev/stdin"}
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    with run(stdin=SECRET.encode(), env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        print(response.text)
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
-def test_jwt_errors(defaultenv):
-    "invalid JWT should throw error"
-
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET, "PGRST_JWT_AUD": "io tests"}
-
-    def relativeSeconds(sec):
-        return int((datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=sec)).timestamp())
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        headers = jwtauthheader({}, "other secret")
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "No suitable key or wrong key type"
-        assert (
-            response.json()["details"] == "None of the keys was able to decode the JWT"
+def match_log(output, matchers):
+    ito = iter(output)
+    itm = iter(matchers)
+    nextMatcher = next(itm, None)
+    while nextMatcher is not None and (line := next(ito, None)) is not None:
+        if re.match(nextMatcher, line) is not None:
+            nextMatcher = next(itm, None)
+    if nextMatcher is not None:
+        raise AssertionError(
+            f"Expected log line matching {nextMatcher} not found in output"
        )

-        headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "not_existing"}, SECRET)
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == 'role "not_existing" does not exist'
-
-        # -35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 30 seconds
-        headers = jwtauthheader({"exp": relativeSeconds(-35)}, SECRET)
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT expired"
-
-        # 35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 30 seconds
-        headers = jwtauthheader({"nbf": relativeSeconds(35)}, SECRET)
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT not yet valid"
-
-        # 35 seconds, because we allow clock skew of 35 seconds
-        headers = jwtauthheader({"iat": relativeSeconds(35)}, SECRET)
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT issued at future"
-
-        headers = jwtauthheader({"aud": "not set"}, SECRET)
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT not in audience"
-
-        # partial token, no signature
-        headers = authheader("eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.bm90IGFuIG9iamVjdA")
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "Expected 3 parts in JWT; got 2"
-
-        # complete token but random characters
-        headers = authheader("quifquirndsjagnrgniur.fonvoienqhhdj.iuqvnvhojah")
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "JWT cryptographic operation failed"
-
-        # token with algorithm "none"
-        headers = authheader(
-            "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJub25lIn0.e30.yOBhlOIqn56T-4NvyEXCjfi3UmyQZ-BzXtePMO2NgRI"
-        )
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "Wrong or unsupported encoding algorithm"
-        assert (
-            response.json()["details"]
-            == "JWT is unsecured but expected 'alg' was not 'none'"
-        )
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-    }
-
-    # for code coverage with cache enabled and server-timing enabled
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only")
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "permission denied for table authors_only"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "false",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-    }
-
-    # for code coverage with cache enabled and server-timing disabled
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only")
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-        assert response.json()["message"] == "permission denied for table authors_only"
-
-
-def test_fail_with_invalid_password(defaultenv):
-    "Connecting with an invalid password should fail without retries."
-    uri = f'postgresql://?dbname={defaultenv["PGDATABASE"]}&host={defaultenv["PGHOST"]}&user=some_protected_user&password=invalid_pass'
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_URI": uri}
-    with run(env=env, wait_for_readiness=False) as postgrest:
-        exitCode = wait_until_exit(postgrest)
-        assert exitCode == 1
-

 def test_connect_with_dburi(dburi, defaultenv):
    "Connecting with db-uri instead of LIPQ* environment variables should work."
@@ -217,67 +72,6 @@ def test_read_dburi_from_stdin_with_eol(dburi, defaultenv):
        pass


-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "roleclaim", FIXTURES["roleclaims"], ids=lambda claim: claim["key"]
-)
-def test_role_claim_key(roleclaim, defaultenv):
-    "Authorization should depend on a correct role-claim-key and JWT claim."
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_JWT_ROLE_CLAIM_KEY": roleclaim["key"],
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-    }
-    headers = jwtauthheader(roleclaim["data"], SECRET)
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == roleclaim["expected_status"]
-
-
-@pytest.mark.parametrize(
-    "jwtaudroleclaim",
-    FIXTURES["jwtaudroleclaims"],
-    ids=lambda claim: claim["key"] + "_" + str(claim["expected_status"]),
-)
-def test_jwt_aud_in_role_claim_key(jwtaudroleclaim, defaultenv):
-    "Allows authorization with JWT aud claim in role-claim-key"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_JWT_AUD": "postgrest_test_author",
-        "PGRST_JWT_ROLE_CLAIM_KEY": jwtaudroleclaim["key"],
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-    }
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader(jwtaudroleclaim["data"], SECRET)
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == jwtaudroleclaim["expected_status"]
-
-
-def test_iat_claim(defaultenv):
-    """
-    A claim with an 'iat' (issued at) attribute should be successful.
-
-    The PostgREST time cache leads to issues here, see:
-    https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/issues/1139
-
-    """
-
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET}
-
-    claim = {"role": "postgrest_test_author", "iat": datetime.now(timezone.utc)}
-    headers = jwtauthheader(claim, SECRET)
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        for _ in range(10):
-            response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-            assert response.status_code == 200
-
-            time.sleep(0.1)
-
-
 def test_app_settings_flush_pool(defaultenv):
    """
    App settings should not reset when the db pool is flushed.
@@ -324,6 +118,24 @@ def test_flush_pool_no_interrupt(defaultenv):
        t.join()


+def test_termination_unix_signal_logging(defaultenv):
+    "Server logs when handling termination unix signals."
+
+    with run(env=defaultenv) as postgrest:
+        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGTERM)
+        lines = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=1)
+        wait_until_exit(postgrest)
+
+    assert any("SIGTERM" in line for line in lines)
+
+    with run(env=defaultenv) as postgrest:
+        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGINT)
+        lines = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=1)
+        wait_until_exit(postgrest)
+
+    assert any("SIGINT" in line for line in lines)
+
+
 def test_random_port_bound(defaultenv):
    "PostgREST should bind to a random port when PGRST_SERVER_PORT is 0."

@@ -353,79 +165,6 @@ def test_app_settings_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
        assert response.text == '"Jane"'


-def test_jwt_secret_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
-    "JWT secret should be reloaded from file when PostgREST is sent SIGUSR2."
-    config = (CONFIGSDIR / "sigusr2-settings.config").read_text()
-    configfile = tmp_path / "test.config"
-    configfile.write_text(config)
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    with run(configfile, env=defaultenv) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-
-        # change setting
-        configfile.write_text(config.replace("invalid" * 5, SECRET))
-
-        # reload config
-        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR2)
-
-        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
-def test_jwt_secret_external_file_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
-    "JWT secret external file should be reloaded when PostgREST is sent a SIGUSR2 or a NOTIFY."
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    external_secret_file = tmp_path / "jwt-secret-config"
-    external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{external_secret_file}",
-        "PGRST_DB_CHANNEL_ENABLED": "true",
-        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
-        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",  # required for NOTIFY
-    }
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-
-        # change external file
-        external_secret_file.write_text(SECRET)
-
-        # SIGUSR1 doesn't reload external files, at least when db-config=false
-        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR1)
-        sleep_until_postgrest_scache_reload()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-
-        # reload config and external file with SIGUSR2
-        postgrest.process.send_signal(signal.SIGUSR2)
-        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-        # change external file to wrong value again
-        external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
-
-        # reload config and external file with NOTIFY
-        response = postgrest.session.post("/rpc/reload_pgrst_config")
-        assert response.text == ""
-        assert response.status_code == 204
-        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
-
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-
-
 def test_db_schema_reload(tmp_path, defaultenv):
    "DB schema should be reloaded from file when PostgREST is sent SIGUSR2."
    config = (CONFIGSDIR / "sigusr2-settings.config").read_text()
@@ -953,55 +692,45 @@ def test_log_level(level, defaultenv):
        response = postgrest.session.get("/")
        assert response.status_code == 200

-        output = sorted(postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=7))
+        output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=9)

        if level == "crit":
            assert len(output) == 0
        elif level == "error":
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[0],
+            match_log(
+                output,
+                [r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"'],
            )
            assert len(output) == 1
        elif level == "warn":
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[0],
-            )
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[1],
+            match_log(
+                output,
+                [
+                    r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                    r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                ],
            )
            assert len(output) == 2
        elif level == "info":
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[0],
-            )
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[1],
-            )
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[2],
+            match_log(
+                output,
+                [
+                    r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                    r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                    r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                ],
            )
            assert len(output) == 3
        elif level == "debug":
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[0],
+            match_log(
+                output,
+                [
+                    r'- - - \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 500 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                    r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                    r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
+                ],
            )
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[1],
-            )
-            assert re.match(
-                r'- - postgrest_test_anonymous \[.+\] "GET /unknown HTTP/1.1" 404 \d+ "" "python-requests/.+"',
-                output[2],
-            )
-
-            assert len(output) == 7
+            assert len(output) == 9
            assert any("Connection" and "is available" in line for line in output)
            assert any("Connection" and "is used" in line for line in output)

@@ -1350,6 +1079,56 @@ def test_schema_cache_concurrent_notifications(slow_schema_cache_env):
        assert response.status_code == 200


+def test_schema_cache_query_sleep_logs(defaultenv):
+    """Schema cache sleep should be reflected in the logged query duration."""
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_QUERY_SLEEP": "1000",
+    }
+    log_pattern = re.compile(r"Schema cache queried in ([\d.]+) milliseconds")
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=3, no_startup_stdout=False) as postgrest:
+        observed_ms = None
+        collected = []
+
+        lines = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=10)
+        collected.extend(lines)
+        for line in lines:
+            match = log_pattern.search(line)
+            if match:
+                observed_ms = float(match.group(1))
+                break
+
+        assert observed_ms is not None
+        assert 1000 < observed_ms < 2000
+
+
+def test_schema_cache_load_sleep_logs(defaultenv):
+    """Schema cache load sleep should be reflected in the logged load duration."""
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_LOAD_SLEEP": "1000",
+    }
+    log_pattern = re.compile(r"Schema cache loaded in ([\d.]+) milliseconds")
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=3, no_startup_stdout=False) as postgrest:
+        observed_ms = None
+        collected = []
+
+        lines = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=10)
+        collected.extend(lines)
+        for line in lines:
+            match = log_pattern.search(line)
+            if match:
+                observed_ms = float(match.group(1))
+                break
+
+        assert observed_ms is not None
+        assert 1000 < observed_ms < 2000
+
+
@pytest.mark.parametrize("dburi_type", ["no_params", "no_params_qmark", "with_params"])
 def test_get_pgrst_version_with_uri_connection_string(dburi_type, dburi, defaultenv):
    "The fallback_application_name should be added to the db-uri if it has a URI format"
@@ -1489,90 +1268,6 @@ def test_fail_with_automatic_recovery_disabled_and_terminated_using_query(defaul
        assert exitCode == 1


-def test_jwt_cache_server_timing(defaultenv):
-    "server-timing duration is exposed for JWT with expiry"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
-    }
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader(
-        {
-            "role": "postgrest_test_author",
-            "exp": int(
-                (datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=30)).timestamp()
-            ),
-        },
-        SECRET,
-    )
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-
-        assert first.status_code == 200
-        assert second.status_code == 200
-
-        first_dur = parse_server_timings_header(first.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
-        second_dur = parse_server_timings_header(second.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
-
-        # with jwt caching the parse time of second request with the same token
-        # should be at least as fast as the first one
-        assert second_dur <= first_dur
-
-
-def test_jwt_cache_without_server_timing(defaultenv):
-    "JWT cache does not break requests with server-timing disabled"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "false",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
-    }
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-
-        assert first.status_code == 200
-        assert second.status_code == 200
-
-
-def test_jwt_cache_without_exp_claim(defaultenv):
-    "server-timing duration is exposed for JWT without expiry"
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
-    }
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)  # no exp
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        first = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        second = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-
-        assert first.status_code == 200
-        assert second.status_code == 200
-
-        first_dur = parse_server_timings_header(first.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
-        second_dur = parse_server_timings_header(second.headers["Server-Timing"])["jwt"]
-
-        assert first_dur >= 0
-        assert second_dur >= 0
-
-
 def test_preflight_request_with_cors_allowed_origin_config(defaultenv):
    "OPTIONS preflight request should return Access-Control-Allow-Origin equal to origin"

@@ -1672,16 +1367,21 @@ def test_db_error_logging_to_stderr(level, defaultenv, metapostgrest):
        assert response.status_code == 500

        # ensure the message appears on the logs
-        output = sorted(postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=6))
+        output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=8)

        if level == "crit":
            assert len(output) == 0
        elif level == "debug":
-            assert " 500 " in output[0]
-            assert "canceling statement due to statement timeout" in output[5]
+            match_log(
+                output,
+                [
+                    r".*canceling statement due to statement timeout.*",
+                    r".*500.*",
+                ],
+            )
        else:
-            assert " 500 " in output[0]
-            assert "canceling statement due to statement timeout" in output[1]
+            assert " 500 " in output[1]
+            assert "canceling statement due to statement timeout" in output[0]

    reset_statement_timeout(metapostgrest, role)

@@ -1805,53 +1505,6 @@ def test_schema_cache_startup_load_with_in_db_config(defaultenv, metapostgrest):
    assert response.status_code == 204


-def test_jwt_cache_purges_expired_entries(defaultenv):
-    "test expired cache entries are purged on cache miss"
-
-    # The verification of actual cache size reduction is done manually, see https://github.com/PostgREST/postgrest/pull/3801#issuecomment-2620776041
-    # This test is written for code coverage of purgeExpired function
-
-    def relativeSeconds(sec):
-        return int((datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(seconds=sec)).timestamp())
-
-    def headers(sec):
-        return jwtauthheader(
-            {"role": "postgrest_test_author", "exp": relativeSeconds(sec)}, SECRET
-        )
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": SECRET,
-        "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
-    }
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-
-        # Generate two unique JWT tokens
-        # The 1 second sleep is needed for it generate a unique token
-        hdrs1 = headers(5)
-        postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=hdrs1)
-
-        time.sleep(1)
-
-        hdrs2 = headers(5)
-        postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=hdrs2)
-
-        # Wait 5 seconds for the tokens to expire
-        time.sleep(5)
-
-        hdrs3 = headers(5)
-
-        # Make another request which should cause a cache miss and so
-        # the purgeExpired function will be triggered.
-        #
-        # This should remove the 2 expired tokens but adds another to cache
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=hdrs3)
-
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-
-
 def test_pgrst_log_503_client_error_to_stderr(defaultenv):
    "PostgREST should log 503 errors to stderr"

@@ -1922,18 +1575,17 @@ def test_log_pool_req_observation(level, defaultenv):

    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)

-    pool_req = "Trying to borrow a connection from pool"
-    pool_req_fullfill = "Borrowed a connection from the pool"
+    pool_req = r".*Trying to borrow a connection from pool.*"
+    pool_req_fullfill = r".*Borrowed a connection from the pool.*"

    with run(env=env) as postgrest:

        postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)

        if level == "debug":
-            output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=5)
-            assert pool_req in output[1]
-            assert pool_req_fullfill in output[4]
-            assert len(output) == 5
+            output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=7)
+            assert len(output) == 7
+            match_log(output, [pool_req, pool_req_fullfill])
        elif level == "info":
            output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=4)
            assert len(output) == 1
@@ -1962,41 +1614,6 @@ def test_proxy_status_header(defaultenv, metapostgrest):
        assert data["message"] == "canceling statement due to statement timeout"


-def test_invalidate_jwt_cache_when_secret_changes(tmp_path, defaultenv):
-    "JWT cache should be emptied after jwt-secret is changed in a config reload"
-
-    headers = jwtauthheader({"role": "postgrest_test_author"}, SECRET)
-
-    external_secret_file = tmp_path / "jwt-secret-config"
-    external_secret_file.write_text(SECRET)
-
-    env = {
-        **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_JWT_SECRET": f"@{external_secret_file}",
-        "PGRST_DB_CHANNEL_ENABLED": "true",
-        "PGRST_JWT_CACHE_MAX_ENTRIES": "86400",  # enable cache
-        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "postgrest_test_anonymous",  # required for NOTIFY
-    }
-
-    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 200  # jwt gets cached
-
-        # change external file
-        external_secret_file.write_text("invalid" * 5)
-
-        # reload config and external file with NOTIFY
-        # jwt-cache should get empty
-        response = postgrest.session.post("/rpc/reload_pgrst_config")
-        assert response.text == ""
-        assert response.status_code == 204
-        sleep_until_postgrest_config_reload()
-
-        # now the request should fail because the cached token is removed
-        response = postgrest.session.get("/authors_only", headers=headers)
-        assert response.status_code == 401
-
-
 def test_allow_configs_to_be_set_to_empty(defaultenv):
    'configs that are explicitly set to empty (= "<empty>") should not throw parse error'

@@ -2048,6 +1665,25 @@ def test_log_listener_connection_errors(defaultenv):
        )


+def test_log_listener_connection_start(defaultenv):
+    "The logs should show the listener connection start message in a single line"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_DB_CHANNEL_ENABLED": "true",
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env, no_startup_stdout=False, wait_for_readiness=True) as postgrest:
+        output = postgrest.read_stdout(nlines=10)
+        # Check for the listener start message containing host and port
+        # Do not check if pg version is displayed properly as it is tricky to test it
+        assert any(
+            f'"{defaultenv["PGHOST"]}:5432" and listening for database notifications on the "pgrst" channel'
+            in line
+            for line in output
+        )
+
+
 def test_db_pre_config_with_pg_reserved_words(defaultenv):
    "The db-pre-config should not fail unexpectedly when function name is a postgres reserved word"

@@ -2072,3 +1708,77 @@ def test_db_pre_config_with_pg_reserved_words(defaultenv):
            in line
            for line in output
        )
+
+
+def test_requests_with_resource_embedding_wait_for_schema_cache_reload(defaultenv):
+    "requests that use the schema cache with resource embedding wait long for the schema cache to reload"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_DB_POOL": "2",
+        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_RELATIONSHIP_LOAD_SLEEP": "5100",
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30) as postgrest:
+        # reload the schema cache
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/rpc/notify_pgrst")
+        assert response.status_code == 204
+
+        postgrest.wait_until_scache_starts_loading()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/directors?select=id,name,films(title)")
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+        assert response.elapsed.total_seconds() > 5
+
+
+def test_requests_without_resource_embedding_wait_for_schema_cache_reload(defaultenv):
+    "requests that use the schema cache without resource embedding wait less for the schema cache to reload"
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGRST_DB_POOL": "2",
+        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_LOAD_SLEEP": "1100",
+        "PGRST_INTERNAL_SCHEMA_CACHE_RELATIONSHIP_LOAD_SLEEP": "5000",
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env, wait_max_seconds=30) as postgrest:
+        # reload the schema cache
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/rpc/notify_pgrst")
+        assert response.status_code == 204
+
+        postgrest.wait_until_scache_starts_loading()
+
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/films")
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+
+        assert (
+            response.elapsed.total_seconds() > 1
+            and response.elapsed.total_seconds() < 5
+        )
+
+
+def test_server_timing_transaction_duration(defaultenv, metapostgrest):
+    "server-timing transaction duration should be accurate"
+
+    # just to ensure we don't timeout
+    role = "timeout_authenticator"
+    set_statement_timeout(metapostgrest, role, 3000)  # 3 seconds
+
+    env = {
+        **defaultenv,
+        "PGUSER": role,
+        "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": role,
+        "PGRST_SERVER_TIMING_ENABLED": "true",
+    }
+
+    with run(env=env) as postgrest:
+        response = postgrest.session.get("/rpc/sleep?seconds=2")
+
+        assert response.status_code == 204
+
+        response_dur = parse_server_timings_header(response.headers["Server-Timing"])[
+            "transaction"
+        ]
+
+        assert 2000 <= response_dur < 3000
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+module Main where
+
+import qualified Hasql.Pool                 as P
+import qualified Hasql.Pool.Config          as P
+import qualified Hasql.Transaction.Sessions as HT
+
+import Data.Function (id)
+
+import           PostgREST.App             (postgrest)
+import qualified PostgREST.AppState        as AppState
+import           PostgREST.Config          (AppConfig (..))
+import           PostgREST.Config.Database (queryPgVersion)
+import qualified PostgREST.Logger          as Logger
+import qualified PostgREST.Metrics         as Metrics
+import           PostgREST.SchemaCache     (querySchemaCache)
+
+import qualified Observation.JwtCache
+import qualified Observation.MetricsSpec
+
+import qualified Observation.SchemaCacheSpec
+import           ObsHelper
+import           PostgREST.Observation       (Observation (HasqlPoolObs))
+import           Protolude                   hiding (toList, toS)
+import           Test.Hspec
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = do
+  poolChan <- newChan
+  -- make sure poolChan is not growing indefinitely
+  -- start a thread that drains the channel
+  -- this is necessary because test cases operate on
+  -- copies so poolChan is never read from
+  -- this means we have another thread running for the entire duration of the spec but this shouldn't be a problem since Haskell green threads are lightweight
+  void $ forkIO $ forever $ readChan poolChan
+  metricsState <- Metrics.init (configDbPoolSize testCfg)
+  pool <- P.acquire $ P.settings
+    [ P.size 3
+    , P.acquisitionTimeout 10
+    , P.agingTimeout 60
+    , P.idlenessTimeout 60
+    , P.staticConnectionSettings (toUtf8 $ configDbUri testCfg)
+    -- make sure metrics are updated and pool observations published to poolChan
+    , P.observationHandler $ (writeChan poolChan <> Metrics.observationMetrics metricsState) . HasqlPoolObs
+    ]
+
+  actualPgVersion <- either (panic . show) id <$> P.use pool (queryPgVersion False)
+
+  -- cached schema cache so most tests run fast
+  baseSchemaCache <- loadSCache pool testCfg
+  loggerState <- Logger.init
+
+  let
+    initApp sCache config = do
+      -- duplicate poolChan as a starting point
+      obsChan <- dupChan poolChan
+      stateObsChan <- newObsChan obsChan
+      appState <- AppState.initWithPool pool config loggerState metricsState (Metrics.observationMetrics metricsState <> writeChan obsChan)
+      AppState.putPgVersion appState actualPgVersion
+      AppState.putSchemaCache appState (Just sCache)
+      return (SpecState appState metricsState stateObsChan, postgrest (configLogLevel config) appState (pure ()))
+
+  -- Run all test modules
+  hspec $ do
+    before (initApp baseSchemaCache testCfgJwtCache) $
+      describe "Observation.JwtCacheObs" Observation.JwtCache.spec
+    before (initApp baseSchemaCache testCfg) $
+      describe "Feature.MetricsSpec" Observation.MetricsSpec.spec
+    before (initApp baseSchemaCache testCfg) $
+      describe "Feature.SchemaCacheSpec" Observation.SchemaCacheSpec.spec
+
+  where
+    loadSCache pool conf =
+      either (panic.show) id <$> P.use pool (HT.transaction HT.ReadCommitted HT.Read $ querySchemaCache conf)
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE AllowAmbiguousTypes       #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE DeriveAnyClass            #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ExistentialQuantification #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts          #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleInstances         #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase                #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE RankNTypes                #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables       #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections             #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications          #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeOperators             #-}
+module ObsHelper where
+
+import qualified Data.ByteString                 as BS
+import qualified Data.ByteString.Base64          as B64
+import qualified Data.ByteString.Lazy            as BL
+import qualified Data.List                       as DL
+import           Data.List.NonEmpty              (fromList)
+import           Data.String                     (String)
+import qualified Data.Text                       as T
+import qualified Jose.Jwa                        as JWT
+import qualified Jose.Jws                        as JWT
+import qualified Jose.Jwt                        as JWT
+import           Network.HTTP.Types
+import qualified PostgREST.AppState              as AppState
+import           PostgREST.Config                (AppConfig (..),
+                                                  JSPathExp (..),
+                                                  LogLevel (..),
+                                                  OpenAPIMode (..),
+                                                  parseSecret)
+import qualified PostgREST.Metrics               as Metrics
+import           PostgREST.Observation           (Observation (..))
+import           Prometheus                      (Counter, getCounter)
+import           Protolude                       hiding (get, toS)
+import           System.Timeout                  (timeout)
+import           Test.Hspec
+import           Test.Hspec.Expectations.Contrib (annotate)
+-- helpers used to produce observation diagnostics in waitForObs
+-- Implementing the Show instance for Observation is hard due to having many different parameters so instead we use generic programming (`conName`) to obtain the constructor name as `Text`
+class HasConstructor f where
+  genericConstrName :: f x -> Text
+
+instance HasConstructor f => HasConstructor (D1 c f) where
+  genericConstrName (M1 x) = genericConstrName x
+
+instance (HasConstructor x, HasConstructor y) => HasConstructor (x :+: y) where
+  genericConstrName (L1 l) = genericConstrName l
+  genericConstrName (R1 r) = genericConstrName r
+
+instance Constructor c => HasConstructor (C1 c f) where
+  genericConstrName = T.pack . conName
+
+data SpecState = SpecState {
+  specAppState :: AppState.AppState,
+  specMetrics  :: Metrics.MetricsState,
+  specObsChan  :: ObsChan
+}
+
+data StateCheck st m = forall a. StateCheck (st -> (String, m a)) (a -> a -> Expectation)
+
+data TimeoutException = TimeoutException deriving (Show, Exception)
+
+data ObsChan = ObsChan (Chan Observation) (Chan Observation)
+
+constrName :: (HasConstructor (Rep a), Generic a)=> a -> Text
+constrName = genericConstrName . from
+
+baseCfg :: AppConfig
+baseCfg = let secret = encodeUtf8 "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe" in
+  AppConfig {
+    configAppSettings               = []
+  , configDbAggregates              = False
+  , configDbAnonRole                = Just "postgrest_test_anonymous"
+  , configDbChannel                 = mempty
+  , configDbChannelEnabled          = True
+  , configDbExtraSearchPath         = []
+  , configDbHoistedTxSettings       = ["default_transaction_isolation","plan_filter.statement_cost_limit","statement_timeout"]
+  , configDbMaxRows                 = Nothing
+  , configDbPlanEnabled             = False
+  , configDbPoolSize                = 10
+  , configDbPoolAcquisitionTimeout  = 10
+  , configDbPoolMaxLifetime         = 1800
+  , configDbPoolMaxIdletime         = 600
+  , configDbPoolAutomaticRecovery   = True
+  , configDbPreRequest              = Nothing
+  , configDbPreparedStatements      = True
+  , configDbRootSpec                = Nothing
+  , configDbSchemas                 = fromList ["test"]
+  , configDbConfig                  = False
+  , configDbPreConfig               = Nothing
+  , configDbUri                     = "postgresql://"
+  , configFilePath                  = Nothing
+  , configJWKS                      = rightToMaybe $ parseSecret secret
+  , configJwtAudience               = Nothing
+  , configJwtRoleClaimKey           = [JSPKey "role"]
+  , configJwtSecret                 = Just secret
+  , configJwtSecretIsBase64         = False
+  , configJwtCacheMaxEntries        = 10
+  , configLogLevel                  = LogCrit
+  , configLogQuery                  = False
+  , configOpenApiMode               = OAFollowPriv
+  , configOpenApiSecurityActive     = False
+  , configOpenApiServerProxyUri     = Nothing
+  , configServerCorsAllowedOrigins  = Nothing
+  , configServerHost                = "localhost"
+  , configServerPort                = 3000
+  , configServerTraceHeader         = Nothing
+  , configServerUnixSocket          = Nothing
+  , configServerUnixSocketMode      = 432
+  , configDbTxAllowOverride         = True
+  , configDbTxRollbackAll           = True
+  , configAdminServerHost           = "localhost"
+  , configAdminServerPort           = Nothing
+  , configRoleSettings              = mempty
+  , configRoleIsoLvl                = mempty
+  , configInternalSCQuerySleep      = Nothing
+  , configInternalSCLoadSleep       = Nothing
+  , configInternalSCRelLoadSleep    = Nothing
+  , configServerTimingEnabled       = True
+  }
+
+testCfg :: AppConfig
+testCfg = baseCfg
+
+testCfgJwtCache :: AppConfig
+testCfgJwtCache =
+  baseCfg {
+    configJwtSecret = Just generateSecret
+  , configJWKS = rightToMaybe $ parseSecret generateSecret
+  , configJwtCacheMaxEntries = 2
+  }
+
+authHeader :: BS.ByteString -> BS.ByteString -> Header
+authHeader typ creds =
+  (hAuthorization, typ <> " " <> creds)
+
+authHeaderJWT :: BS.ByteString -> Header
+authHeaderJWT = authHeader "Bearer"
+
+generateSecret :: ByteString
+generateSecret = B64.decodeLenient "cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5dmVyeXNhZmU="
+
+generateJWT :: BL.ByteString -> ByteString
+generateJWT claims =
+  either mempty JWT.unJwt $ JWT.hmacEncode JWT.HS256 generateSecret (BL.toStrict claims)
+
+-- state check helpers
+stateCheck :: (Show a, Eq a) => (c -> m a) -> (st -> (String, c)) -> (a -> a) -> StateCheck st m
+stateCheck extractValue extractComponent expect = StateCheck (second extractValue . extractComponent) (flip shouldBe . expect)
+
+expectField :: forall s st a c m. (KnownSymbol s, Show a, Eq a, HasField s st c) => (c -> m a) -> (a -> a) -> StateCheck st m
+expectField extractValue = stateCheck extractValue ((symbolVal (Proxy @s),) . getField @s)
+
+checkState' :: (Traversable t, MonadIO m) => st -> t (StateCheck st m) -> m b -> m ()
+checkState' initialState checks act = do
+  expectations <- traverse (\(StateCheck g expect) -> let (msg, m) = g initialState in m >>= createExpectation msg m . expect) checks
+  void act
+  sequenceA_ expectations
+  where
+    createExpectation msg metrics expect = pure $ metrics >>= liftIO . annotate msg . expect
+
+expectCounter :: forall s st m. (KnownSymbol s, HasField s st Counter, MonadIO m) => (Int -> Int) -> StateCheck st m
+expectCounter = expectField @s intCounter
+  where
+    intCounter = ((round @Double @Int) <$>) . getCounter
+
+accumulateUntilTimeout :: Int -> (s -> a -> s) -> s -> IO a -> IO s
+accumulateUntilTimeout t f start act = do
+  tid <- myThreadId
+  -- mask to make sure TimeoutException is not thrown before starting the loop
+  mask $ \unmask -> do
+    -- start timeout thread unmasking exceptions
+    ttid <- forkIOWithUnmask ($ (threadDelay t *> throwTo tid TimeoutException))
+    -- unmask effect
+    unmask (fix (\loop accum -> (act >>= loop . f accum) `onTimeout` pure accum) start)
+      -- make sure we catch timeout if happens before entering the loop
+      `onTimeout` pure start
+      -- make sure timer thread is killed on other exceptions
+      -- so that it won't throw TimeoutException later
+      `onException` killThread ttid
+  where
+    onTimeout m a = m `catch` \TimeoutException -> a
+
+newObsChan :: Chan Observation -> IO ObsChan
+newObsChan = fmap <$> ObsChan <*> dupChan
+
+-- read messages from copy chan and once condition is met drain original to the same point
+-- upon timeout report error and messages remaining in the original chan
+-- that way we report messages since last successful read
+waitForObs :: HasCallStack => ObsChan -> Int -> Text -> (Observation -> Maybe a) -> IO ()
+waitForObs (ObsChan orig copy) t msg f =
+  timeout t (readUntil copy *> readUntil orig) >>= maybe failTimeout mempty
+  where
+    failTimeout = takeUntilTimeout decisecond (readChan orig)
+        >>= expectationFailure . DL.unlines . fmap show . (failureMessageHeader :) . fmap obsDiagMessage
+    failureMessageHeader = "Timeout waiting for " <> msg <> " at " <> loc <> ". Remaining observations:"
+    readUntil = void . untilM (pure . not . null . f) . readChan
+    loc = fromMaybe "(unknown)" . head $ (T.pack . prettySrcLoc . snd <$> getCallStack callStack)
+    -- execute effectful computation until result meets provided condition
+    untilM cond m = fix $ \loop -> m >>= \a -> ifM (cond a) (pure a) loop
+    -- duplicate the provided channel and construct wairFor function binding both channels
+    -- accumulate effecful computation results into a list for specified time
+    takeUntilTimeout t' = fmap reverse . accumulateUntilTimeout t' (flip (:)) []
+    decisecond = 100000
+
+obsDiagMessage :: Observation -> Text
+obsDiagMessage = \case
+  (HasqlPoolObs o) -> show o
+  o@(DBListenStart host port name channel) -> constrName o <> show (host, port, name, channel)
+  o -> constrName o
@@ -1,33 +1,24 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE AllowAmbiguousTypes       #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds                 #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE ExistentialQuantification #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts          #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE ImpredicativeTypes        #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings         #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE ScopedTypeVariables       #-}
-{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications          #-}
-module Feature.Auth.JwtCacheSpec
-
-where
+{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds        #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns   #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications #-}
+module Observation.JwtCache where

 import Network.Wai (Application)

 import Network.HTTP.Types
-import Test.Hspec         (Expectation, SpecWith, describe, it,
-                           shouldBe)
+import Test.Hspec         (SpecWith, describe, it)
 import Test.Hspec.Wai

-import Data.String                     (String)
-import PostgREST.Metrics               (MetricsState (..))
-import Prometheus                      (getCounter)
+import ObsHelper
+import PostgREST.Metrics   (MetricsState (..))
 import Protolude
-import SpecHelper
-import Test.Hspec.Expectations.Contrib (annotate)
-import Test.Hspec.Wai.JSON             (json)
+import Test.Hspec.Wai.JSON (json)

-spec :: SpecWith (MetricsState, Application)
+spec :: SpecWith (SpecState, Application)
 spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
  it "Should not have JWT in cache" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let auth = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe1"}|]

    expectCounters
@@ -36,9 +27,11 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      , hits     (+ 0)
      ] $

-         request methodGet "/authors_only" [auth] ""
+         request methodGet "/authors_only" [auth] "" `shouldRespondWith` 200

  it "Should have JWT in cache" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let auth = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe2"}|]

    expectCounters
@@ -51,6 +44,8 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      *> request methodGet "/authors_only" [auth] "" `shouldRespondWith` 200

  it "Should not cache invalid JWTs" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let auth = authHeaderJWT "some random bytes"

    expectCounters
@@ -63,6 +58,8 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      *> request methodGet "/authors_only" [auth] "" `shouldRespondWith` 401

  it "Should cache expired JWTs" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let auth = genToken [json|{"exp": 1, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe2"}|]

    expectCounters
@@ -75,6 +72,8 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      *> request methodGet "/authors_only" [auth] "" `shouldRespondWith` 401

  it "Should evict entries from the JWT cache (jwt cache max is 2)" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let jwt1 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe3"}|]
        jwt2 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe4"}|]
        jwt3 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe5"}|]
@@ -94,6 +93,8 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      *> request methodGet "/authors_only" [jwt3] ""

  it "Should not evict entries from the JWT cache in FIFO order" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let jwt1 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe6"}|]
        jwt2 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe7"}|]
        jwt3 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe8"}|]
@@ -120,6 +121,8 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
  -- The test case was added based on coverage report
  -- showing this scenario was not covered by previous tests
  it "Should evict entries even though all were hit" $ do
+    expectCounters <- checkState' . specMetrics <$> getState
+
    let jwt1 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe9"}|]
        jwt2 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe10"}|]
        jwt3 = genToken [json|{"exp": 9999999999, "role": "postgrest_test_author", "id": "jdoe11"}|]
@@ -143,25 +146,7 @@ spec = describe "Server started with JWT and metrics enabled" $ do
      *> request methodGet "/authors_only" [jwt3] ""

  where
-      counterToInt = second (fmap (round @Double @Int) . getCounter)
-      expectCounters = stateCheck . fmap (\(g, h) -> StateCheck (counterToInt . g) (flip shouldBe . h))
      genToken = authHeaderJWT . generateJWT
-      requests = (,) (getF @"jwtCacheRequests")
-      hits = (,) (getF @"jwtCacheHits")
-      evictions = (,) (getF @"jwtCacheEvictions")
-
-
-- should be moved to helpers???
-getF :: forall s r a. (KnownSymbol s, HasField s r a) => r -> (String, a)
-getF r = (symbolVal (Proxy @s), getField @s r)
-
-data StateCheck st = forall a. (Show a, Eq a) => StateCheck (st -> (String, WaiSession st a)) (a -> a -> Expectation)
-
-stateCheck :: (Traversable t) => t (StateCheck st) -> WaiSession st a -> WaiSession st ()
-stateCheck checks act = do
-  metrics <- getState
-  expectations <- traverse (\(StateCheck g expect) -> let (msg, m) = g metrics in m >>= createExpectation msg m . expect) checks
-  void act
-  sequenceA_ expectations
-  where
-    createExpectation msg metrics expect = pure $ metrics >>= liftIO . annotate msg . expect
+      requests = expectCounter @"jwtCacheRequests"
+      hits = expectCounter @"jwtCacheHits"
+      evictions = expectCounter @"jwtCacheEvictions"
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds           #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts    #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE MonadComprehensions #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns      #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE TypeApplications    #-}
+
+module Observation.MetricsSpec where
+
+import           Data.List             (lookup)
+import           Network.Wai           (Application)
+import           ObsHelper
+import qualified PostgREST.AppState    as AppState
+import           PostgREST.Config      (AppConfig (configDbSchemas))
+import qualified PostgREST.Metrics     as Metrics
+import           PostgREST.Observation
+import           Prometheus            (getCounter, getVectorWith)
+import           Protolude
+import           Test.Hspec            (SpecWith, describe, it)
+import           Test.Hspec.Wai        (getState)
+
+spec :: SpecWith (SpecState, Application)
+spec = describe "Server started with metrics enabled" $ do
+  it "Should update pgrst_schema_cache_loads_total[SUCCESS]" $ do
+    SpecState{specAppState = appState, specMetrics = metrics, specObsChan} <- getState
+    let waitFor = waitForObs specObsChan
+
+    liftIO $ checkState' metrics [
+        schemaCacheLoads "SUCCESS" (+1)
+      ] $ do
+        AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+        waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheLoadedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@(SchemaCacheLoadedObs{}) <- pure x]
+
+  it "Should update pgrst_schema_cache_loads_total[ERROR]" $ do
+    SpecState{specAppState = appState, specMetrics = metrics, specObsChan} <- getState
+    let waitFor = waitForObs specObsChan
+
+    liftIO $ checkState' metrics [
+        schemaCacheLoads "FAIL" (+1),
+        schemaCacheLoads "SUCCESS" (+1)
+      ] $ do
+        AppState.getConfig appState >>= \prev -> do
+          AppState.putConfig appState $ prev { configDbSchemas = pure "bad_schema" }
+          AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+          waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheErrorObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@(SchemaCacheErrorObs{}) <- pure x]
+          AppState.putConfig appState prev
+
+        -- wait up to 2 secs so that retry can happen
+        waitFor (2 * sec) "SchemaCacheLoadedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@(SchemaCacheLoadedObs{}) <- pure x]
+
+  it "Should debounce schema cache loads" $ do
+    SpecState{specAppState = appState, specMetrics = metrics, specObsChan} <- getState
+    let waitFor = waitForObs specObsChan
+
+    liftIO $ checkState' metrics [
+        -- we expect exactly 2 successful schema cache loads
+        schemaCacheLoads "FAIL" (+0),
+        schemaCacheLoads "SUCCESS" (+2)
+      ] $ do
+        AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+        -- at this moment there is no dedicated observation emited
+        -- when schema cache load starts
+        -- so we wait for DBConnectedObs which is emited right after successful
+        -- PostgreSQL version query during schema cache loading
+        waitFor (1 * sec) "DBConnectedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@(DBConnectedObs{}) <- pure x]
+        -- request schema cache load multiple times
+        -- all of them should be handled by a single schema cache load
+        replicateM_ 100 (AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState)
+        -- wait for two expected SchemaCacheLoadedObs events
+        replicateM_ 2 $ waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheLoadedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@(SchemaCacheLoadedObs{}) <- pure x]
+        -- wait 1 sec to make sure we capture all potential schema cache loads
+        -- (there should be none but we need to verify that)
+        threadDelay $ 1 * sec
+
+
+  where
+    -- prometheus-client api to handle vectors is convoluted
+    schemaCacheLoads label = expectField @"schemaCacheLoads" $
+      fmap (maybe (0::Int) round . lookup label) . (`getVectorWith` getCounter)
+    sec = 1000000
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds           #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE MonadComprehensions #-}
+{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns      #-}
+module Observation.SchemaCacheSpec where
+
+import           Network.Wai           (Application)
+import           ObsHelper
+import qualified PostgREST.AppState    as AppState
+import           PostgREST.Config      (configDbSchemas)
+import           PostgREST.Observation
+import           Protolude
+import           Test.Hspec            (SpecWith, describe, it)
+import           Test.Hspec.Wai        (getState)
+
+spec :: SpecWith (SpecState, Application)
+spec = describe "Server started with metrics enabled" $ do
+
+  it "Should emit PoolFlushed, SchemaCacheQueriedObs and SchemaCacheLoadedObs when schema cache is reloaded" $ do
+    SpecState{specAppState = appState, specObsChan} <- getState
+    let waitFor = waitForObs specObsChan
+
+    liftIO $ do
+      AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+
+      waitFor (1 * sec) "PoolFlushed" $ \x -> [ o | o@PoolFlushed <- pure x ]
+      waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheQueriedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@SchemaCacheQueriedObs{} <- pure x ]
+      waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheLoadedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@SchemaCacheLoadedObs{} <- pure x ]
+
+
+  it "Should flush pool once when schema reloading retries" $ do
+    SpecState{specAppState = appState, specObsChan} <- getState
+    let waitFor = waitForObs specObsChan
+
+    liftIO $ do
+        AppState.getConfig appState >>= \cfg -> do
+          AppState.putConfig appState $ cfg { configDbSchemas = pure "bad_schema" }
+          AppState.schemaCacheLoader appState
+
+          waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheErrorObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@SchemaCacheErrorObs{} <- pure x ]
+
+          -- Restore configuration
+          AppState.putConfig appState cfg
+
+        -- Wait for 2 seconds so that retry can happen
+        waitFor (2 * sec) "PoolFlushed" $ \x -> [ o | o@PoolFlushed <- pure x ]
+        waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheQueriedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@SchemaCacheQueriedObs{} <- pure x ]
+        waitFor (1 * sec) "SchemaCacheLoadedObs" $ \x -> [ o | o@SchemaCacheLoadedObs{} <- pure x ]
+  where
+    sec = 1000000
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+-- Suppress NOTICE: ... messages
+SET client_min_messages TO warning;
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+-- Loads all fixtures for the PostgREST observability tests
+
+\set ON_ERROR_STOP on
+
+\ir database.sql
+\ir roles.sql
+\ir schema.sql
+\ir privileges.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+-- Schema test objects
+SET search_path = test, pg_catalog;
+
+GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA test TO postgrest_test_anonymous;
+GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON ALL TABLES IN SCHEMA test TO postgrest_test_anonymous;
+REVOKE ALL PRIVILEGES ON TABLE authors_only FROM postgrest_test_anonymous;
+
+GRANT USAGE ON SCHEMA test TO postgrest_test_author;
+GRANT ALL ON TABLE authors_only TO postgrest_test_author;
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+DROP ROLE IF EXISTS postgrest_test_anonymous, postgrest_test_author;
+CREATE ROLE postgrest_test_anonymous;
+CREATE ROLE postgrest_test_author;
+
+GRANT postgrest_test_anonymous, postgrest_test_author TO :PGUSER;
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS test;
+
+CREATE SCHEMA test;
+
+SET search_path = test, pg_catalog;
+
+--
+-- Name: authors_only; Type: TABLE; Schema: test; Owner: -
+--
+
+CREATE TABLE authors_only (
+    owner character varying NOT NULL,
+    secret character varying NOT NULL
+);
+
+--
+-- Name: authors_only_pkey; Type: CONSTRAINT; Schema: test; Owner: -
+--
+
+ALTER TABLE ONLY authors_only
+    ADD CONSTRAINT authors_only_pkey PRIMARY KEY (secret);
@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 Can be used as:

 ```
-postgrest-with-postgresql-15 -f test/pgbench/fixtures.sql pgbench -U postgres -n -T 10 -f test/pgbench/1567/old.sql
+postgrest-with-pg-15 -f test/pgbench/fixtures.sql pgbench -U postgres -n -T 10 -f test/pgbench/1567/old.sql

-postgrest-with-postgresql-15 -f test/pgbench/fixtures.sql pgbench -U postgres -n -T 10 -f test/pgbench/1567/new.sql
+postgrest-with-pg-15 -f test/pgbench/fixtures.sql pgbench -U postgres -n -T 10 -f test/pgbench/1567/new.sql
 ```

 ## Directory structure
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ spec =
      raceTest 10 $
        get "/fakefake"
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.factories'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.fakefake' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.fakefake' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
          , matchHeaders = []
          }
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
              "properties": {
                "id": {
                  "description": "child_entities id comment\n\nNote:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                  "format": "integer",
+                  "format": "int32",
                  "type": "integer"
                },
                "name": {
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
                },
                "parent_id": {
                  "description": "Note:\nThis is a Foreign Key to `entities.id`.<fk table='entities' column='id'/>",
-                  "format": "integer",
+                  "format": "int32",
                  "type": "integer"
                }
              },
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
              "properties": {
                "id": {
                  "description": "child_entities_view id comment\n\nNote:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                  "format": "integer",
+                  "format": "int32",
                  "type": "integer"
                },
                "name": {
@@ -202,7 +202,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
                },
                "parent_id": {
                  "description": "Note:\nThis is a Foreign Key to `entities.id`.<fk table='entities' column='id'/>",
-                  "format": "integer",
+                  "format": "int32",
                  "type": "integer"
                }
              }
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        referralLink `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "integer",
+              "format": "int32",
              "type": "integer",
              "description": "Note:\nThis is a Foreign Key to `second.id`.<fk table='second' column='id'/>"
            }
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        referralLink `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "integer",
+              "format": "int32",
              "type": "integer",
              "description": "Note:\nThis is a Foreign Key to `pages.link`.<fk table='pages' column='link'/>"
            }
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        referralLink `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "integer",
+              "format": "int32",
              "type": "integer",
              "description": "Note:\nThis is a Foreign Key to `clients.id`.<fk table='clients' column='id'/>"
            }
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        types `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "smallint",
+              "format": "int32",
              "type": "integer"
            }
          |]
@@ -447,7 +447,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        types `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "integer",
+              "format": "int32",
              "type": "integer"
            }
          |]
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
        types `shouldBe` Just
          [aesonQQ|
            {
-              "format": "bigint",
+              "format": "int64",
              "type": "integer"
            }
          |]
@@ -850,7 +850,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
                "type": "string"
              },
              {
-                "format": "integer",
+                "format": "int32",
                "in": "query",
                "name": "integer",
                "required": false,
@@ -992,7 +992,7 @@ spec = describe "OpenAPI" $ do
                  "items": {}
                },
                "integer": {
-                  "format": "integer",
+                  "format": "int32",
                  "type": "integer"
                },
                "json": {
@@ -252,21 +252,39 @@ spec =
            [json|[{"id": 7, "entities":null}, {"id": 8, "entities": {"id": 2}}, {"id": 9, "entities": {"id": 3}}]|]
            { matchStatus = 201 }

-    context "used with PATCH" $
+    context "used with PATCH" $ do
      it "succeeds when using and/or params" $
        request methodPatch "/grandchild_entities?or=(id.eq.1,id.eq.2)&select=id,name"
          [("Prefer", "return=representation")]
          [json|{ name : "updated grandchild entity"}|] `shouldRespondWith`
          [json|[{ "id": 1, "name" : "updated grandchild entity"},{ "id": 2, "name" : "updated grandchild entity"}]|]
          { matchHeaders = [matchContentTypeJson] }
+      it "succeeds when the filtered column is modified" $
+        request methodPatch "/entities?select=id,name&or=(name.is.null,name.like.*test*)"
+          [("Prefer", "return=representation")]
+          [json|{ "name" : "updated entity" }|] `shouldRespondWith`
+          [json|[{ "id": 4, "name": "updated entity" }]|]
+          { matchHeaders = [matchContentTypeJson] }
+      it "succeeds when the filtered column is not selected in the returned representation" $
+        request methodPatch "/entities?select=id&or=(name.is.null,name.like.*test*)"
+          [("Prefer", "return=representation")]
+          [json|{ "name" : "updated entity" }|] `shouldRespondWith`
+          [json|[{ "id": 4 }]|]
+          { matchHeaders = [matchContentTypeJson] }

-    context "used with DELETE" $
+    context "used with DELETE" $ do
      it "succeeds when using and/or params" $
        request methodDelete "/grandchild_entities?or=(id.eq.1,id.eq.2)&select=id,name"
            [("Prefer", "return=representation")]
            ""
          `shouldRespondWith`
            [json|[{ "id": 1, "name" : "grandchild entity 1" },{ "id": 2, "name" : "grandchild entity 2" }]|]
+      it "succeeds when the filtered column is not selected in the returned representation" $
+        request methodDelete "/entities?select=id&or=(name.is.null,name.like.*test*)"
+            [("Prefer", "return=representation")]
+            ""
+          `shouldRespondWith`
+            [json|[{ "id": 4 }]|]

    it "can query columns that begin with and/or reserved words" $
      get "/grandchild_entities?or=(and_starting_col.eq.smth, or_starting_col.eq.smth)" `shouldRespondWith` 200
@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ spec =
      it "fails with 404" $
        request methodDelete "/foozle?id=eq.101" [] ""
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.foo'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.foozle' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.foozle' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus = 404
          , matchHeaders = []
          }
@@ -42,10 +42,10 @@ pgErrorCodeMapping = do
      it "works with SchemaCache error" $
        get "/non_existent_table"
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.collision_test_table'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.non_existent_table' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.non_existent_table' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
          , matchHeaders = [ "Proxy-Status" <:> "PostgREST; error=PGRST205"
-                           , "Content-Length" <:> "182" ]
+                           , "Content-Length" <:> "129" ]
          }

      it "works with Jwt error" $ do
@@ -75,3 +75,30 @@ pgErrorCodeMapping = do
          , matchHeaders = [ "Proxy-Status" <:> "PostgREST; error=123"
                           , "Content-Length" <:> "59" ]
          }
+
+    context "show hint on PGRST205 table not found error" $ do
+      it "show hint when similarity score is at least 75%" $ do
+        get "/projectx" -- at least 75% similar to "projects"
+          `shouldRespondWith`
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.projects'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.projectx' in the schema cache"} |]
+          { matchStatus  = 404
+          , matchHeaders = [ "Proxy-Status" <:> "PostgREST; error=PGRST205"
+                           , "Content-Length" <:> "160" ]
+          }
+
+        get "/projecxx" -- at least 75% similar to "projects"
+          `shouldRespondWith`
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.projects'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.projecxx' in the schema cache"} |]
+          { matchStatus  = 404
+          , matchHeaders = [ "Proxy-Status" <:> "PostgREST; error=PGRST205"
+                           , "Content-Length" <:> "160" ]
+          }
+
+      it "don't show hint when similarity score is less than 75%" $
+        get "/projxxxx" -- less than 75% similar to "projects"
+          `shouldRespondWith`
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.projxxxx' in the schema cache"} |]
+          { matchStatus  = 404
+          , matchHeaders = [ "Proxy-Status" <:> "PostgREST; error=PGRST205"
+                           , "Content-Length" <:> "119" ]
+          }
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/projects?id=eq.11"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -151,6 +152,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/car_models?name=eq.Enzo&year=eq.2021"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -163,7 +165,8 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            ""
            { matchStatus  = 201
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
-                             , matchHeaderAbsent hLocation ]
+                             , matchHeaderAbsent hLocation
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"]
            }

    context "from an html form" $
@@ -175,7 +178,8 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
          `shouldRespondWith`
            ""
            { matchStatus = 201
-            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType ]
+            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"]
            }

    context "with no pk supplied" $ do
@@ -199,6 +203,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
              ""
              { matchStatus  = 201
              , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
+                               , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                               , "Location" <:> "/auto_incrementing_pk?id=eq.2"
                               , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
              }
@@ -478,7 +483,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            {"id": 204, "body": "yyy"},
            {"id": 205, "body": "zzz"}]|]
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.articles'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.garlic' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.garlic' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
          , matchHeaders = []
          }
@@ -741,6 +746,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
          ""
          { matchStatus = 201
          , matchHeaders = [matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
+                           , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                           , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=minimal"]
          }

@@ -753,7 +759,8 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            ""
            { matchStatus  = 201
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
-                             , matchHeaderAbsent hLocation ]
+                             , matchHeaderAbsent hLocation
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"]
            }

      it "returns a location header with pks from both tables" $
@@ -765,6 +772,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/with_multiple_pks?pk1=eq.1&pk2=eq.2"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -778,6 +786,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/compound_pk_view?k1=eq.1&k2=eq.test"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -790,6 +799,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/test_null_pk_competitors_sponsors?id=eq.1&sponsor_id=is.null"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -807,6 +817,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/datarep_todos?id=eq.5"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -862,6 +873,7 @@ spec actualPgVersion = do
            , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
                             , "Location" <:> "/datarep_todos_computed?id=eq.5"
                             , "Content-Range" <:> "*/*"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "0"
                             , "Preference-Applied" <:> "return=headers-only"]
            }

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ spec =
                    "properties" : {
                      "id" : {
                        "description" : "Note:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                        "format" : "integer",
+                        "format" : "int32",
                        "type" : "integer"
                      },
                      "name" : {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ spec =
                    "properties" : {
                      "id" : {
                        "description" : "Note:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                        "format" : "integer",
+                        "format" : "int32",
                        "type" : "integer"
                      },
                      "name" : {
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ spec =
                    "properties" : {
                      "id" : {
                        "description" : "Note:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                        "format" : "integer",
+                        "format" : "int32",
                        "type" : "integer"
                      },
                      "name" : {
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ spec =
                    "properties" : {
                      "id" : {
                        "description" : "Note:\nThis is a Primary Key.<pk/>",
-                        "format" : "integer",
+                        "format" : "int32",
                        "type" : "integer"
                      },
                      "another_value" : {
@@ -26,9 +26,9 @@ spec = do
    it "causes a 404" $
      get "/faketable"
      `shouldRespondWith`
-      [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.private_table'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.faketable' in the schema cache"} |]
+      [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.faketable' in the schema cache"} |]
      { matchStatus = 404
-      , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "166"]
+      , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "120"]
      }

  describe "Filtering response" $ do
@@ -852,7 +852,7 @@ spec = do
      -- the existence of first table, #3869
      it "table not found error if first table does not exist" $
        get "/car_model_sales_202101?select=id,name,car_models(id,name)&order=id.asc" `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.car_model_sales'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.car_model_sales_202101' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.car_model_sales_202101' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
          , matchHeaders = [matchContentTypeJson]
          }
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ spec = do

      it "table not found error if first table does not exist" $
        get "/car_models_default?select=id,name,car_model_sales(id,name)&order=id.asc" `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.car_model_sales'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.car_models_default' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.car_models_default' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
          , matchHeaders = [matchContentTypeJson]
          }
@@ -126,7 +126,8 @@ spec = do
                "hint":null
              }|]
            { matchStatus  = 416
-            , matchHeaders = ["Content-Range" <:> "*/0"]
+            , matchHeaders = [ "Content-Range" <:> "*/0"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "144"]
            }

        it "refuses a range requesting start past last item" $
@@ -288,7 +289,8 @@ spec = do
                "hint":null
              }|]
            { matchStatus  = 416
-            , matchHeaders = ["Content-Range" <:> "*/0"]
+            , matchHeaders = [ "Content-Range" <:> "*/0"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:>  "144"]
            }

        it "refuses a range requesting start past last item" $
@@ -470,7 +472,8 @@ spec = do
                "hint":null
              }|]
            { matchStatus  = 416
-            , matchHeaders = ["Content-Range" <:> "*/0"]
+            , matchHeaders = [ "Content-Range" <:> "*/0"
+                             , "Content-Length" <:> "144"]
            }

        it "refuses a range requesting start past last item" $
@@ -1146,12 +1146,24 @@ spec =
            }

      context "single unnamed param" $ do
-        it "can insert json directly" $
+        it "can insert json directly with unnamed parameter" $
          post "/rpc/unnamed_json_param"
              [json|{"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}|]
            `shouldRespondWith`
              [json|{"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}|]

+        it "rejects json body when single param has a name" $
+          post "/rpc/named_json_param"
+              [json|{"A": 1, "B": 2, "C": 3}|]
+            `shouldRespondWith`
+              [json|{
+                "code":"PGRST202",
+                "message":"Could not find the function test.named_json_param(A, B, C) in the schema cache",
+                "details":"Searched for the function test.named_json_param with parameters A, B, C or with a single unnamed json/jsonb parameter, but no matches were found in the schema cache.",
+                "hint":null
+              }|]
+              { matchStatus = 404 }
+
        it "can insert text directly" $ do
          request methodPost "/rpc/unnamed_text_param"
            [("Content-Type", "text/plain"), ("Accept", "text/plain")]
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ spec = do
        request methodPatch "/fake" []
          [json| { "real": false } |]
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.factories'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.fake' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.fake' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus = 404
-          , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "157"]
+          , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "115"]
          }


@@ -363,9 +363,9 @@ spec = do
            {"id": 204, "body": "yyy"},
            {"id": 205, "body": "zzz"}]|]
          `shouldRespondWith`
-          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":"Perhaps you meant the table 'test.articles'","message":"Could not find the table 'test.garlic' in the schema cache"} |]
+          [json| {"code":"PGRST205","details":null,"hint":null,"message":"Could not find the table 'test.garlic' in the schema cache"} |]
          { matchStatus  = 404
-          , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "158"]
+          , matchHeaders = ["Content-Length" <:> "117"]
          }

      context "apply defaults on missing values" $ do
@@ -20,7 +20,9 @@ postItem =
    `shouldRespondWith`
      ""
      { matchStatus  = 201
-      , matchHeaders = [matchHeaderAbsent hContentType]  }
+      , matchHeaders = [ matchHeaderAbsent hContentType
+                       , "Content-Length" <:> "0" ]
+      }

 -- removes Items left over from POST, PUT, and PATCH
 deleteItems =
@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ import qualified Feature.Auth.AsymmetricJwtSpec
 import qualified Feature.Auth.AudienceJwtSecretSpec
 import qualified Feature.Auth.AuthSpec
 import qualified Feature.Auth.BinaryJwtSecretSpec
-import qualified Feature.Auth.JwtCacheSpec
 import qualified Feature.Auth.NoAnonSpec
 import qualified Feature.Auth.NoJwtSecretSpec
 import qualified Feature.ConcurrentSpec
@@ -84,13 +83,12 @@ main = do

  -- cached schema cache so most tests run fast
  baseSchemaCache <- loadSCache pool testCfg
-  sockets <- AppState.initSockets testCfg
  loggerState <- Logger.init
  metricsState <- Metrics.init (configDbPoolSize testCfg)

  let
    initApp sCache st config = do
-      appState <- AppState.initWithPool sockets pool config loggerState metricsState (Metrics.observationMetrics metricsState)
+      appState <- AppState.initWithPool pool config loggerState metricsState (Metrics.observationMetrics metricsState)
      AppState.putPgVersion appState actualPgVersion
      AppState.putSchemaCache appState (Just sCache)
      return (st, postgrest (configLogLevel config) appState (pure ()))
@@ -275,9 +273,6 @@ main = do
    before pgSafeUpdateApp $
      describe "Feature.Query.PgSafeUpdateSpec.spec" Feature.Query.PgSafeUpdateSpec.spec

-    before (initApp baseSchemaCache metricsState testCfgJwtCache) $
-      describe "Feature.Auth.JwtCacheSpec" Feature.Auth.JwtCacheSpec.spec
-
  where
    loadSCache pool conf =
      either (panic.show) id <$> P.use pool (HT.transaction HT.ReadCommitted HT.Read $ querySchemaCache conf)
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-{-# LANGUAGE FlexibleContexts #-}
 module SpecHelper where

 import           Control.Lens           ((^?))
@@ -206,14 +205,6 @@ testCfgBinaryJWT =
  , configJWKS = rightToMaybe $ parseSecret generateSecret
  }

-testCfgJwtCache :: AppConfig
-testCfgJwtCache =
-  baseCfg {
-    configJwtSecret = Just generateSecret
-  , configJWKS = rightToMaybe $ parseSecret generateSecret
-  , configJwtCacheMaxEntries = 2
-  }
-
 testCfgAudienceJWT :: AppConfig
 testCfgAudienceJWT =
  baseCfg {
@@ -2356,6 +2356,11 @@ create or replace function test.unnamed_json_param(json) returns json as $$
  select $1;
 $$ language sql;

+-- Function with a NAMED json parameter (for testing single param fallback behavior)
+create or replace function test.named_json_param(data json) returns json as $$
+  select data;
+$$ language sql;
+
 create or replace function test.unnamed_text_param(text) returns "text/plain" as $$
  select $1::"text/plain";
 $$ language sql;