{-|
Module      : PostgREST.Cache.Sieve
Description : PostgREST cache implementation based on Sieve algorithm.

This module provides implementation of a mutable cache on Sieve algorithm.
-}
{-# LANGUAGE DataKinds       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE GADTs           #-}
{-# LANGUAGE LambdaCase      #-}
{-# LANGUAGE NamedFieldPuns  #-}
{-# LANGUAGE PolyKinds       #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecordWildCards #-}
{-# LANGUAGE RecursiveDo     #-}
{-# LANGUAGE StrictData      #-}
{-# LANGUAGE TupleSections   #-}

module PostgREST.Cache.Sieve (
      Cache
    , CacheConfig (..)
    , Discard (..)
    , alwaysValid
    , cache
    , cacheIO
    , cached
)
where

import           Control.Concurrent.STM
import           Control.Monad.Extra    (whileM)
import           Data.Some
import qualified Focus                  as F
import           Protolude              hiding (elem, head)
import qualified StmHamt.SizedHamt      as SH

data ListNode k v (b :: Bool) = ListNode {
        nextPtr        :: NodePtr k v,
        prevNextPtrPtr :: NodePtrPtr k v,
        elem           :: NodeElem k v b
    }

data NodeElem :: Type -> Type -> Bool -> Type where
    Head :: {
            entries          :: SH.SizedHamt (HamtEntry k v),
            finger           :: NodePtrPtr k v
        } -> NodeElem k v False
    Entry :: Hashable k => {
            visited :: TVar Bool,
            ekey :: k,
            entryValue :: v
        } -> NodeElem k v True

type HamtEntry k v = ListNode k v True
type AnyNode k v = Some (ListNode k v)
type NodePtr k v = TVar (AnyNode k v)
type NodePtrPtr k v = TVar (NodePtr k v)

data Discard m v = Refresh (m ()) | Invalid (m v)

data Cache m k v = (MonadIO m, Hashable k) => Cache (ListNode k v False) (CacheConfig m k v)

data CacheConfig m k v = CacheConfig {
        maxSize          :: STM Int,
        load             :: k -> m v,
        requestListener  :: Bool -> m (),
        evictionListener :: k -> v -> m (),
        validator        :: m (k -> v -> Maybe (Discard m v))
}

alwaysValid :: Applicative m => m (k -> v -> Maybe (Discard m v))
alwaysValid = pure (const . const Nothing)

cacheIO :: (MonadIO m, Hashable k) => CacheConfig m k v -> IO (Cache m k v)
cacheIO = atomically . cache

cache :: (MonadIO m, Hashable k) => CacheConfig m k v -> STM (Cache m k v)
cache cacheConfig = mdo
    tail <- newTVar (Some head)
    entries <- SH.new
    finger <- newTVar tail
    head <- ListNode tail <$> newTVar tail <*> pure Head {..}
    pure $ Cache head cacheConfig

cached :: Cache m k v -> k -> m v
cached (Cache head@ListNode{prevNextPtrPtr=neck, elem=Head{..}} CacheConfig{..}) k = do
    checkValid <- validator
    tryMaybe
        -- Fast path: lookup value, update stats and return the value if found and valid
        ((liftIO . atomically) (lookup checkValid) >>= notify (requestListener . isJust) >>= validate)
        -- Slow path: load/calculate value and insert it (if still not found)
        (do
            value <- load k
            whileM (not <$> tryInsert value)
            pure value)
    where
        tryMaybe f notFound = f >>= maybe notFound pure

        notify = ((<$) <*>)

        validate = fmap join . traverse (\case
            -- valid value
            (Right v) -> pure $ Just v
            -- refresh value
            (Left (Refresh act)) -> act $> Nothing
            -- discard value and return alt result
            (Left (Invalid res)) -> Just <$> res)

        lookup checkValid = SH.focus focus (ekey . elem) k entries
            where
                focus = F.Focus
                    -- not found
                    (pure (Nothing, F.Leave))
                    -- found
                    -- check entry validity
                    (\e@ListNode{elem=Entry{visited, entryValue}} ->
                        maybe
                            -- entry valid
                            (mark visited True $> (Just $ Right entryValue, F.Leave))
                            -- entry invalid
                            -- remove it
                            ((removeEntry e $>) . (, F.Remove) . Just . Left)
                            (checkValid k entryValue)
                    )

        mark t b = whenM ((/= b) <$> readTVar t) (writeTVar t b)

        -- perform a single entry eviction and possibly insertion atomically
        -- returning False if could not insert
        -- (either because entry currently pointed by the finger was visited
        --  or because after this entry eviction the cache is still full)
        -- so that other threads don't have to wait when visiting entries.
        -- First check if entry is still not in the cache - this time inside transaction.
        --
        -- Execute evictionListener if an entry was evicted
        tryInsert value = do
            (result, evicted) <- liftIO . atomically $ do
                -- Use SH.focus to performa a single lookup instead of 2
                -- we cannot modify Hamt from inside focus
                -- so if there is any entry to remove
                -- we need to delete it after
                (res, evictedKey) <- SH.focus focus (ekey . elem) k entries
                case evictedKey of
                    (Just Entry{ekey=entryKey, entryValue}) -> do
                        SH.focus F.delete (ekey . elem) entryKey entries
                        pure (res, evictionListener entryKey entryValue)
                    Nothing -> pure (res, pure ())

            evicted $> result
            where
                focus = F.Focus (do
                    (hasSpace, evictedKey) <- evictionStep
                    if hasSpace then do
                        entry <- newLinkedEntry value
                        -- done, maybe evicted, insert entry
                        pure ((True, evictedKey), F.Set entry)
                    else
                        -- not done, maybe evicted, don't modify entries
                        pure ((False, evictedKey), F.Leave))
                    -- Entry found case
                    (\ListNode{elem=Entry{visited}} -> do
                        -- mark as visited
                        mark visited True
                        -- done, no evictions, don't modify entries
                        pure ((True, Nothing), F.Leave))

        -- if the cache is full precoesses a single node
        -- removing it if it is marked as unvisited
        -- or clearing visited mark
        -- returns True if there is space in the cache
        -- puts evictionListener in state if an entry was evicted
        evictionStep = do
            currDiff <- liftA2 (-) (SH.size entries) (max 1 <$> maxSize)
            if currDiff >= 0 then do
                -- no space in the cache
                -- need to evict an entry
                (nextFinger, evictedKey) <- readTVar finger >>= evict
                writeTVar finger nextFinger
                -- return if enough space and evicted key if any
                pure (isJust evictedKey && currDiff == 0, evictedKey)
            else
                -- there is space in the cache
                pure (True, Nothing)

        evict :: TVar (Some (ListNode k v)) -> STM (NodePtr k v, Maybe (NodeElem k v True))
        evict = readTVar >=> \case
            (Some e@ListNode{nextPtr, prevNextPtrPtr, elem=elem@Entry{visited}}) -> do
                ifM (readTVar visited)

                    (writeTVar visited False $> (nextPtr, Nothing))

                    (unlinkEntry e *> fmap (, Just elem) (readTVar prevNextPtrPtr))
            -- skip head
            (Some ListNode{nextPtr, elem=Head{}}) -> evict nextPtr

        unlinkEntry :: HamtEntry k v -> STM ()
        unlinkEntry (ListNode{nextPtr, prevNextPtrPtr=currPrev}) = do
            nextEntry <- readTVar nextPtr
            withSome nextEntry $ \e -> do
                prevNextPtr <- readTVar currPrev
                writeTVar (prevNextPtrPtr e) prevNextPtr
                writeTVar prevNextPtr nextEntry

        newLinkedEntry v = do
            oldNeckNextPtr <- readTVar neck
            newNeckNextPtr <- newTVar (Some head)
            newNeck <- ListNode newNeckNextPtr <$>
                newTVar oldNeckNextPtr <*>
                (Entry <$> newTVar False <*> pure k <*> pure v)
            -- update pointers
            writeTVar oldNeckNextPtr (Some newNeck)
            writeTVar neck newNeckNextPtr
            -- return HAMT entry
            pure newNeck

        removeEntry = fmap (*>) unlinkEntry <*> adjustFinger

        adjustFinger ListNode{nextPtr, prevNextPtrPtr} =
            whenM ((nextPtr ==) <$> readTVar finger) $
                readTVar prevNextPtrPtr >>= writeTVar finger