feat: Make db-uri optional

The default is now "postgresql://" which falls back to LIBPQ environment variables.

Resolves #1991, Ref #1823

CHANGELOG.md

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ This project adheres to [Semantic Versioning](http://semver.org/).
    + A `<host>:<admin_server_port>/live` endpoint is available for checking if postgrest is running on its port/socket. 200 OK = alive, 503 = dead.
    + A `<host>:<admin_server_port>/ready` endpoint is available for checking a correct internal state(the database connection plus the schema cache). 200 OK = ready, 503 = not ready.
  - #1988, Add the current user to the request log on stdout - @DavidLindbom, @wolfgangwalther
+ - #1991, Add the ability to run without `db-uri` using libpq's PG environment variables to connect. @wolfgangwalther
 
 ### Fixed
 

nix/tools/loadtest.nix

@@ -45,6 +45,9 @@ let
         inRootDir = true;
       }
       ''
+        # previously required settings to make this work with older branches
+        export PGRST_DB_URI="postgresql://"
+
         export PGRST_DB_CONFIG="false"
         export PGRST_DB_POOL="1"
         export PGRST_DB_TX_END="rollback-allow-override"

nix/tools/withTools.nix

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ let
       }
       ''
         # avoid starting multiple layers of withTmpDb
-        if test -v PGRST_DB_URI; then
+        if test -v PGHOST; then
           exec "$_arg_command" "''${_arg_leftovers[@]}"
         fi
 
@@ -53,7 +53,6 @@ let
         export PGHOST="$tmpdir/socket"
         export PGUSER
         export PGDATABASE
-        export PGRST_DB_URI="postgresql:///$PGDATABASE?host=$PGHOST&user=$PGUSER"
         export PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS
         export PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE
 

src/PostgREST/Config.hs

@@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ parser optPath env dbSettings =
     <*> (fromMaybe True <$> optBool "db-config")
     <*> parseTxEnd "db-tx-end" snd
     <*> parseTxEnd "db-tx-end" fst
-    <*> reqString "db-uri"
+    <*> (fromMaybe "postgresql://" <$> optString "db-uri")
     <*> (fromMaybe True <$> optBool "db-use-legacy-gucs")
     <*> pure optPath
     <*> pure Nothing

test/io/configs/aliases.config

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 db-anon-role = "required"
-db-uri = "required"
 
 db-schema = "provided_through_alias"
 max-rows = 1000

test/io/configs/boolean-numeric.config

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-db-uri = "required"
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-anon-role = "required"
 

test/io/configs/boolean-string.config

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-db-uri = "required"
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-anon-role = "required"
 

test/io/configs/defaults.config

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
-db-uri = "required"
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-anon-role = "required"
-# Not the default, but only works with proper db-uri
+# Not the default, but only works with PG* variables, which are not set
 db-config = false

test/io/configs/expected/aliases.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = "open_alias"
 db-schemas = "provided_through_alias"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "commit"
-db-uri = "required"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = true
 jwt-aud = ""
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"aliased\""

test/io/configs/expected/boolean-numeric.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = ""
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "commit"
-db-uri = "required"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = true
 jwt-aud = ""
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"role\""

test/io/configs/expected/boolean-string.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = ""
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "commit"
-db-uri = "required"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = true
 jwt-aud = ""
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"role\""

test/io/configs/expected/defaults.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = ""
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-config = false
 db-tx-end = "commit"
-db-uri = "required"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = true
 jwt-aud = ""
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"role\""

test/io/configs/expected/no-defaults-with-db-other-authenticator.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = "other_root"
 db-schemas = "test,other_tenant1,other_tenant2"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "rollback-allow-override"
-db-uri = "<REPLACED_WITH_DB_URI>"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = false
 jwt-aud = "https://otherexample.org"
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"other\".\"role\""

test/io/configs/expected/no-defaults-with-db.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = "root"
 db-schemas = "test,tenant1,tenant2"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "commit-allow-override"
-db-uri = "<REPLACED_WITH_DB_URI>"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = false
 jwt-aud = "https://example.org"
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"a\".\"role\""

test/io/configs/expected/types.config

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ db-root-spec = ""
 db-schemas = "required"
 db-config = true
 db-tx-end = "commit"
-db-uri = "required"
+db-uri = "postgresql://"
 db-use-legacy-gucs = true
 jwt-aud = ""
 jwt-role-claim-key = ".\"role\""

test/io/configs/types.config

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 # tests how config options fall back with invalid types
 db-anon-role = "required"
 db-schemas = "required"
-db-uri = "required"
 
 # expects string
 app.settings.test = false

test/io/fixtures.yaml

@@ -27,18 +27,11 @@ cli:
   - name: missing db-anon-role
     expect: error
     env:
-      PGRST_DB_URI: required
       PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS: required
   - name: missing db-schemas
     expect: error
     env:
       PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE: required
-      PGRST_DB_URI: required
-  - name: missing db-uri
-    expect: error
-    env:
-      PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE: required
-      PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS: required
 # failures: wrong config values
   - name: invalid server-unix-socket-mode not octal
     expect: error

test/io/test_io.py

@@ -79,14 +79,19 @@ class PostgrestProcess:
 @pytest.fixture
 def dburi():
     "Postgres database connection URI."
-    return os.getenv("PGRST_DB_URI").encode()
+    dbname = os.environ["PGDATABASE"]
+    host = os.environ["PGHOST"]
+    user = os.environ["PGUSER"]
+    return f"postgresql://?dbname={dbname}&host={host}&user={user}".encode()
 
 
 @pytest.fixture
 def defaultenv():
     "Default environment for PostgREST."
     return {
-        "PGRST_DB_URI": os.environ["PGRST_DB_URI"],
+        "PGDATABASE": os.environ["PGDATABASE"],
+        "PGHOST": os.environ["PGHOST"],
+        "PGUSER": os.environ["PGUSER"],
         "PGRST_DB_SCHEMAS": "public",
         "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": os.environ["PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE"],
         "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "false",
@@ -309,20 +314,14 @@ def test_expected_config_from_db_settings(defaultenv, role, expectedconfig):
 
     config = CONFIGSDIR / "no-defaults.config"
 
-    db_uri = defaultenv["PGRST_DB_URI"].replace(
-        "user=postgrest_test_authenticator", f"user={role}"
-    )
     env = {
         **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_DB_URI": db_uri,
+        "PGUSER": role,
+        "PGRST_DB_URI": "postgresql://",
         "PGRST_DB_CONFIG": "true",
     }
-    expected = (
-        (CONFIGSDIR / "expected" / expectedconfig)
-        .read_text()
-        .replace("<REPLACED_WITH_DB_URI>", env["PGRST_DB_URI"])
-    )
 
+    expected = (CONFIGSDIR / "expected" / expectedconfig).read_text()
     assert dumpconfig(configpath=config, env=env) == expected
 
 
@@ -418,9 +417,26 @@ def test_read_secret_from_stdin_dbconfig(defaultenv):
         assert response.status_code == 200
 
 
+def test_connect_with_dburi(dburi, defaultenv):
+    "Connecting with db-uri instead of LIPQ* environment variables should work."
+    defaultenv_without_libpq = {
+        key: value
+        for key, value in defaultenv.items()
+        if key not in ["PGDATABASE", "PGHOST", "PGUSER"]
+    }
+    env = {**defaultenv_without_libpq, "PGRST_DB_URI": dburi.decode()}
+    with run(env=env):
+        pass
+
+
 def test_read_dburi_from_stdin_without_eol(dburi, defaultenv):
     "Reading the dburi from stdin with a single line should work."
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_URI": "@/dev/stdin"}
+    defaultenv_without_libpq = {
+        key: value
+        for key, value in defaultenv.items()
+        if key not in ["PGDATABASE", "PGHOST", "PGUSER"]
+    }
+    env = {**defaultenv_without_libpq, "PGRST_DB_URI": "@/dev/stdin"}
 
     with run(env=env, stdin=dburi):
         pass
@@ -428,7 +444,12 @@ def test_read_dburi_from_stdin_without_eol(dburi, defaultenv):
 
 def test_read_dburi_from_stdin_with_eol(dburi, defaultenv):
     "Reading the dburi from stdin containing a newline should work."
-    env = {**defaultenv, "PGRST_DB_URI": "@/dev/stdin"}
+    defaultenv_without_libpq = {
+        key: value
+        for key, value in defaultenv.items()
+        if key not in ["PGDATABASE", "PGHOST", "PGUSER"]
+    }
+    env = {**defaultenv_without_libpq, "PGRST_DB_URI": "@/dev/stdin"}
 
     with run(env=env, stdin=dburi + b"\n"):
         pass
@@ -802,12 +823,9 @@ def test_admin_ready_wo_channel(defaultenv):
 def test_admin_ready_includes_schema_cache_state(defaultenv):
     "Should get a failed response from the admin server ready endpoint when the schema cache is not loaded"
 
-    db_uri = defaultenv["PGRST_DB_URI"].replace(
-        "postgrest_test_authenticator", "limited_authenticator"
-    )
     env = {
         **defaultenv,
-        "PGRST_DB_URI": db_uri,
+        "PGUSER": "limited_authenticator",
         "PGRST_DB_ANON_ROLE": "limited_authenticator",
     }
 

test/spec/Main.hs

@@ -58,22 +58,19 @@ import qualified Feature.UpsertSpec
 
 main :: IO ()
 main = do
-  testDbConn <- getEnvVarWithDefault "PGRST_DB_URI" "postgres://postgrest_test@localhost/postgrest_test"
+  pool <- P.acquire (3, 10, toUtf8 $ configDbUri testCfg)
-
-  pool <- P.acquire (3, 10, toS testDbConn)
 
   actualPgVersion <- either (panic.show) id <$> P.use pool queryPgVersion
 
   baseDbStructure <-
     loadDbStructure pool
-      (configDbSchemas $ testCfg testDbConn)
+      (configDbSchemas testCfg)
-      (configDbExtraSearchPath $ testCfg testDbConn)
+      (configDbExtraSearchPath testCfg)
       actualPgVersion
 
   let
     -- For tests that run with the same refDbStructure
-    app cfg = do
+    app config = do
-      let config = cfg testDbConn
       appState <- AppState.initWithPool pool config
       AppState.putPgVersion appState actualPgVersion
       AppState.putDbStructure appState (Just baseDbStructure)
@@ -82,8 +79,7 @@ main = do
       return ((), postgrest LogCrit appState $ pure ())
 
     -- For tests that run with a different DbStructure(depends on configSchemas)
-    appDbs cfg = do
+    appDbs config = do
-      let config = cfg testDbConn
       customDbStructure <-
         loadDbStructure pool
           (configDbSchemas config)
@@ -120,8 +116,8 @@ main = do
 
   let analyze :: IO ()
       analyze = do
-        analyzeTable testDbConn "items"
+        analyzeTable "items"
-        analyzeTable testDbConn "child_entities"
+        analyzeTable "child_entities"
 
       specs = uncurry describe <$> [
           ("Feature.AndOrParamsSpec"         , Feature.AndOrParamsSpec.spec actualPgVersion)

test/spec/QueryCost.hs

@@ -11,8 +11,7 @@ import qualified Hasql.Transaction                 as HT
 import qualified Hasql.Transaction.Sessions        as HT
 import           Text.Heredoc
 
-import Protolude      hiding (get, toS)
+import Protolude hiding (get, toS)
-import Protolude.Conv (toS)
 
 import PostgREST.Query.QueryBuilder (requestToCallProcQuery)
 import PostgREST.Request.Types
@@ -20,14 +19,11 @@ import PostgREST.Request.Types
 import PostgREST.DbStructure.Identifiers
 import PostgREST.DbStructure.Proc
 
-import SpecHelper (getEnvVarWithDefault)
-
 import Test.Hspec
 
 main :: IO ()
 main = do
-  testDbConn <- getEnvVarWithDefault "PGRST_DB_URI" "postgres://postgrest_test@localhost/postgrest_test"
+  pool <- P.acquire (3, 10, "postgresql://")
-  pool <- P.acquire (3, 10, toS testDbConn)
 
   hspec $ describe "QueryCost" $
     context "call proc query" $ do

test/spec/SpecHelper.hs

@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ getEnvVarWithDefault :: Text -> Text -> IO Text
 getEnvVarWithDefault var def = toS <$>
   getEnv (toS var) `E.catchIOError` const (return $ toS def)
 
-_baseCfg :: AppConfig
+baseCfg :: AppConfig
-_baseCfg = let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe" in
+baseCfg = let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe" in
   AppConfig {
     configAppSettings           = [ ("app.settings.app_host", "localhost") , ("app.settings.external_api_secret", "0123456789abcdef") ]
   , configDbAnonRole            = "postgrest_test_anonymous"
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ _baseCfg = let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe" in
   , configDbRootSpec            = Nothing
   , configDbSchemas             = fromList ["test"]
   , configDbConfig              = False
-  , configDbUri                 = mempty
+  , configDbUri                 = "postgresql://"
   , configDbUseLegacyGucs       = True
   , configFilePath              = Nothing
   , configJWKS                  = parseSecret <$> secret
@@ -109,90 +109,90 @@ _baseCfg = let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 "reallyreallyreallyreallyverysafe" in
   , configAdminServerPort       = Nothing
   }
 
-testCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfg :: AppConfig
-testCfg testDbConn = _baseCfg { configDbUri = testDbConn }
+testCfg = baseCfg
 
-testCfgDisallowRollback :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgDisallowRollback :: AppConfig
-testCfgDisallowRollback testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbTxAllowOverride = False, configDbTxRollbackAll = False }
+testCfgDisallowRollback = baseCfg { configDbTxAllowOverride = False, configDbTxRollbackAll = False }
 
-testCfgForceRollback :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgForceRollback :: AppConfig
-testCfgForceRollback testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbTxAllowOverride = False, configDbTxRollbackAll = True }
+testCfgForceRollback = baseCfg { configDbTxAllowOverride = False, configDbTxRollbackAll = True }
 
-testCfgNoJWT :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgNoJWT :: AppConfig
-testCfgNoJWT testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configJwtSecret = Nothing, configJWKS = Nothing }
+testCfgNoJWT = baseCfg { configJwtSecret = Nothing, configJWKS = Nothing }
 
-testUnicodeCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testUnicodeCfg :: AppConfig
-testUnicodeCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbSchemas = fromList ["تست"] }
+testUnicodeCfg = baseCfg { configDbSchemas = fromList ["تست"] }
 
-testMaxRowsCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testMaxRowsCfg :: AppConfig
-testMaxRowsCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbMaxRows = Just 2 }
+testMaxRowsCfg = baseCfg { configDbMaxRows = Just 2 }
 
-testDisabledOpenApiCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testDisabledOpenApiCfg :: AppConfig
-testDisabledOpenApiCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configOpenApiMode = OADisabled }
+testDisabledOpenApiCfg = baseCfg { configOpenApiMode = OADisabled }
 
-testIgnorePrivOpenApiCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testIgnorePrivOpenApiCfg :: AppConfig
-testIgnorePrivOpenApiCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configOpenApiMode = OAIgnorePriv, configDbSchemas = fromList ["test", "v1"] }
+testIgnorePrivOpenApiCfg = baseCfg { configOpenApiMode = OAIgnorePriv, configDbSchemas = fromList ["test", "v1"] }
 
-testProxyCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testProxyCfg :: AppConfig
-testProxyCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configOpenApiServerProxyUri = Just "https://postgrest.com/openapi.json" }
+testProxyCfg = baseCfg { configOpenApiServerProxyUri = Just "https://postgrest.com/openapi.json" }
 
-testCfgBinaryJWT :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgBinaryJWT :: AppConfig
-testCfgBinaryJWT testDbConn =
+testCfgBinaryJWT =
   let secret = Just . B64.decodeLenient $ "cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5dmVyeXNhZmU=" in
-  (testCfg testDbConn) {
+  baseCfg {
     configJwtSecret = secret
   , configJWKS = parseSecret <$> secret
   }
 
-testCfgAudienceJWT :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgAudienceJWT :: AppConfig
-testCfgAudienceJWT testDbConn =
+testCfgAudienceJWT =
   let secret = Just . B64.decodeLenient $ "cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5cmVhbGx5dmVyeXNhZmU=" in
-  (testCfg testDbConn) {
+  baseCfg {
     configJwtSecret = secret
   , configJwtAudience = Just "youraudience"
   , configJWKS = parseSecret <$> secret
   }
 
-testCfgAsymJWK :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgAsymJWK :: AppConfig
-testCfgAsymJWK testDbConn =
+testCfgAsymJWK =
   let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 [str|{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","key_ops":["verify"],"kty":"RSA","n":"0etQ2Tg187jb04MWfpuogYGV75IFrQQBxQaGH75eq_FpbkyoLcEpRUEWSbECP2eeFya2yZ9vIO5ScD-lPmovePk4Aa4SzZ8jdjhmAbNykleRPCxMg0481kz6PQhnHRUv3nF5WP479CnObJKqTVdEagVL66oxnX9VhZG9IZA7k0Th5PfKQwrKGyUeTGczpOjaPqbxlunP73j9AfnAt4XCS8epa-n3WGz1j-wfpr_ys57Aq-zBCfqP67UYzNpeI1AoXsJhD9xSDOzvJgFRvc3vm2wjAW4LEMwi48rCplamOpZToIHEPIaPzpveYQwDnB1HFTR1ove9bpKJsHmi-e2uzQ","use":"sig"}|]
-  in (testCfg testDbConn) {
+  in baseCfg {
     configJwtSecret = secret
   , configJWKS = parseSecret <$> secret
   }
 
-testCfgAsymJWKSet :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgAsymJWKSet :: AppConfig
-testCfgAsymJWKSet testDbConn =
+testCfgAsymJWKSet =
   let secret = Just $ encodeUtf8 [str|{"keys": [{"alg":"RS256","e":"AQAB","key_ops":["verify"],"kty":"RSA","n":"0etQ2Tg187jb04MWfpuogYGV75IFrQQBxQaGH75eq_FpbkyoLcEpRUEWSbECP2eeFya2yZ9vIO5ScD-lPmovePk4Aa4SzZ8jdjhmAbNykleRPCxMg0481kz6PQhnHRUv3nF5WP479CnObJKqTVdEagVL66oxnX9VhZG9IZA7k0Th5PfKQwrKGyUeTGczpOjaPqbxlunP73j9AfnAt4XCS8epa-n3WGz1j-wfpr_ys57Aq-zBCfqP67UYzNpeI1AoXsJhD9xSDOzvJgFRvc3vm2wjAW4LEMwi48rCplamOpZToIHEPIaPzpveYQwDnB1HFTR1ove9bpKJsHmi-e2uzQ","use":"sig"}]}|]
-  in (testCfg testDbConn) {
+  in baseCfg {
     configJwtSecret = secret
   , configJWKS = parseSecret <$> secret
   }
 
-testNonexistentSchemaCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testNonexistentSchemaCfg :: AppConfig
-testNonexistentSchemaCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbSchemas = fromList ["nonexistent"] }
+testNonexistentSchemaCfg = baseCfg { configDbSchemas = fromList ["nonexistent"] }
 
-testCfgExtraSearchPath :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgExtraSearchPath :: AppConfig
-testCfgExtraSearchPath testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbExtraSearchPath = ["public", "extensions"] }
+testCfgExtraSearchPath = baseCfg { configDbExtraSearchPath = ["public", "extensions"] }
 
-testCfgRootSpec :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgRootSpec :: AppConfig
-testCfgRootSpec testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbRootSpec = Just $ QualifiedIdentifier mempty "root"}
+testCfgRootSpec = baseCfg { configDbRootSpec = Just $ QualifiedIdentifier mempty "root"}
 
-testCfgHtmlRawOutput :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgHtmlRawOutput :: AppConfig
-testCfgHtmlRawOutput testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configRawMediaTypes = ["text/html"] }
+testCfgHtmlRawOutput = baseCfg { configRawMediaTypes = ["text/html"] }
 
-testCfgResponseHeaders :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgResponseHeaders :: AppConfig
-testCfgResponseHeaders testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbPreRequest = Just $ QualifiedIdentifier mempty "custom_headers" }
+testCfgResponseHeaders = baseCfg { configDbPreRequest = Just $ QualifiedIdentifier mempty "custom_headers" }
 
-testMultipleSchemaCfg :: Text -> AppConfig
+testMultipleSchemaCfg :: AppConfig
-testMultipleSchemaCfg testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbSchemas = fromList ["v1", "v2"] }
+testMultipleSchemaCfg = baseCfg { configDbSchemas = fromList ["v1", "v2"] }
 
-testCfgLegacyGucs :: Text -> AppConfig
+testCfgLegacyGucs :: AppConfig
-testCfgLegacyGucs testDbConn = (testCfg testDbConn) { configDbUseLegacyGucs = False }
+testCfgLegacyGucs = baseCfg { configDbUseLegacyGucs = False }
 
-analyzeTable :: Text -> Text -> IO ()
+analyzeTable :: Text -> IO ()
-analyzeTable dbConn tableName =
+analyzeTable tableName =
-  void $ readProcess "psql" ["--set", "ON_ERROR_STOP=1", toS dbConn, "-a", "-c", toS $ "ANALYZE test.\"" <> tableName <> "\""] []
+  void $ readProcess "psql" ["--set", "ON_ERROR_STOP=1", "-a", "-c", toS $ "ANALYZE test.\"" <> tableName <> "\""] []
 
 rangeHdrs :: ByteRange -> [Header]
 rangeHdrs r = [rangeUnit, (hRange, renderByteRange r)]